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Floating topic

Ribosomes ->(Ribosomes)

Phosphate group

Pentose Sugar (Deoxyribose

Structure of DNA

DNA

Nucleotides

Base

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Transcription

elements and specific transcription factors

Coordinately controlled genes

Eukaryotic form of operon model

Transcription Elements

Combinatorial control of gene expression

Variation in types of numbers of control

Control Elements

Distal

repressors are binded by silencers

decreased rate of transcription

enhancers

bind activators

increased of transcription

Promoter + TATA box

Bind General transcription factors

Change in structure of DNA (Packing)

Modification of chromatin structure

Level of Genetic Code

Gene amplification

Increase in number of copies of genes

DNA ->

Transcription ->

(RNA synthesis)->

mRNA->

Transcription level

3' poly-A-tail

5' 7 methylguasnosine cap

Recognition of mature mRNA by ribosomes

Editing of mature mRNA

Modifying of nucleotide sequences

spilcing

Enables alternative splicing of mRNA

splicing together of exons

splicing of introns

3' Pre-mRNA becomes Mature RNA

Subtopic

Stages of Transcription

RNA polymerase II- pre mRNA - EUkaryotes

RNA polymerase (RNAP)- Prokaryotes

Acomplished by RNA polymerase

Translation

Includes

Initiation

Start codon (AUG)

Elongation

Movement of tRNA from A site to P site

the polypeptide chain grows

Termination

Stop codon is reached

Involves

tRNA

anticodon

amino acid attached to 3' end

synthase

Is

clover shaped

Short

Translate multiple codons

wobble effect

Ribosomes

rRNA

Has

3 active sites

Are

P site

Growing polypeptide

E site

Exit site

A site

Amino acid

2 subunits Large and Small