Data Collection Methods

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Data Collection Methods

Observation

Ethical considerations

Time-consuming

Limited generalizability

Observer bias

Triangulation

Flexibility

High ecological validity

Rich and detailed data

Time-bound

Specific time periods

Qualitative and/or quantitative

Qualitative aspects & Quantitative data

Contextual

Contextual information

Non-intrusive

External observation

Systematic process

Directly observing and documenting

Behaviors, events, or phenomena

Interviewing

Challenges

Time consuming

Never 100% anonymous

Subconscious bias

Responses cannot be generalized

Ineffective

Population is unwilling to answer

Controlled response order

Suitable

Feelings

Experiences

Thoughts

Opinions

Versatile

Digital tool

Telephone

Face-to-face

Analysis of complex questions and considerable probing

Involves

Interviewee

Interviewer

Structured, semi-structured or unstructured

Easwaramoorthy, Zarinpoush and Canada (2016): "An interview is a conversation for gathering information"

Survey

Challenges

Avoid bias

Start with closed-ended questions and end with open-ended questions

Clear structure of the questions

Strengths

Versatility

Reliability

Generalizability

Cost effectiveness

Main characteristics

Subjective aspects

Mass application

Large data set

Middle ground between observation and experimentation

Absence of which the participant is questioned

Observed situations are recorded