Molecules

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Molecules

Intramolecular forces of attraction

Ionic bonds Where a metal and one or more non metals attract by stealing each others electrons, therefor one is negatively charged and the other is positively charged.

Covalent bonds Where two or more non metals attract and share electrons.

Polarity

Nonpolar

Molecule/part of a molecule that shares electrons equally

Polar

Molecule/part of a molecule that shares electrons unequally

Intermolecular forces of attraction

Ionic-dipole Electrons are unequally shared, making the functional group either positive or negative. The oppositely charges functional groups attract.

dipole-dipole The electrons in a covalent bond are shared unequally causing a partial negative charge to occur at one end of the functional group and a partially positive charge on the other end. This causes two of these molecules to attract.

Dispersion Is caused by electrons becoming unevenly distributed around an atom, causing its charge be on one side of it. This causes it to repel the electrons in another molecule, therefor attraction occurs

Hydrogen bonds Bonds where hydrogen shares electrons with another atom and becomes negatively charged, and the other atom becomes positively charged. This allows it to connect with other hydrogen bonded molecules. Ex. H2O

Functional Groups (A group of atoms that makes up certain properties of a molecule)

Sulfhydyrl Found in the amino acid cystine, therefore also in most amino acids

Phosphate Found in nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), ATP, ADP, and phospholipids

Amine Found in amino acids, proteins and other N- containing compounds

Carboxyl Found in organic acids such as amino acids and fatty acids

Ketone Found in Keto- type sugars

Aldehyde found in Aldo- type sugars

Hydroxyl Found in Carbohydrates another cellular compounds