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Cons
Does not always match what is taught in class
Puts pressure on students and teachers
Pros
Ensure a standard for instruction
To assess effectiveness of instruction
Norm-referenced test
Criterion-referenced test
Essay
Short-answer
Multiple-choice
Matching
True/false
Help teachers build a well-balanced tests
After instruction to indicate how well students learned the material
Feedback most effective when it is specific and gives guidance for improvement
Use seatwork, homework, class participation, or quizzes to assess understanding
Ask students questions throughout lesson and close monitoring to assess understanding
Completed before instruction to determine starting point
Students construct their own meaning and knowledge under teacher guidance
Student-centered and teacher-centered
Operant conditioning (Skinner)
Learn behavior through consequences and reinforcement
Classical conditioning (Pavlov)
Learn behavior through association
Focus on mental processes of learning
Explicit expectations & routines
Caring, supportive relationship with students
Assessment-centered
Community-centered
Learning-centered
Knowledge-centered
Example of a classroom with UDL
Physical spaces and learning adjusted to suit students
Variety of instructional and assessment methods
5. Attitudes & dispositions
4. Products
3. Skills
2. Reasoning
6. Evaluation
5. Synthesis
4. Analysis
3. Application
2. Comprehension
1. Knowledge
Learning objective
Assessment question
Instructional content
Assessment consideration before instructional consideration
Invite elders from First Nations communities
Decolonizing mindset
Incorporate local First Nations practices
Culturally Responsive Teaching and Learning
The Danger of a Single Story
Authoritative
Permissive
Authoritarian
Greatest impact on scholastic achievement
Low-incidence exceptionalities
High-incidence exceptionalities
Person-first language
Inclusion
Individualized education plan
WISC-IV
Practical/contextual intelligence
Creative/experiential intelligence
Analytical/componential intelligence
Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic
General intelligence
Visual-spatial reasoning
Crystallized intelligence
Fluid intelligence
Embrace challenges, puts in effort and learns from mistakes
Language-acquisition device
Chronosystem
Macrosystem
Exosystem
Mesosystem
Microsystem
Kohlberg's six-stage theory
Heteronomous vs. autonomous morality
Development of self-concept and self-esteem
Erikson's psycho-social theory
Domain-specific learning (Case)
Horizontal decalage
Central conceptual structures
Vygotsky's theory
Scaffolding
Zone of proximal development
Piaget's theory
Assimilate or accommodate new information
Schema development
