bio concept map- transport in humans

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BLOOD VESSELS

thin walls that are only one cell-thick allow gases to move through to body tissues easily and at a fast rate

the exchange of gases, nutrients and metabolic waste products takes place through capillary walls by diffusion.

Capillaries

Single-layer of cells

Veins

Have valves

ensures blood flows in one direction, preventing backflow of blood

Carries blood from organs to lungs

Carries deoxydenated blood (except pulmonary vein)

Thin walls

stretchable

blood pressure in the veins is much lower than in arteries

Arteries

No valves

Carries blood from heart to organs

Carries oxygenated blood (except pulmonatory artery)

Thick walls

elasticity enables walll to stretch and recoil

to withstand high pressure of blood flowing through from heart

BLOOD

plasma

nutrients, carbon dioxide, waste products (e.g. urea) produced by body cells are transported through the body in the plasma

platelets

Irregularly shaped

cytoplasmic fragments of a large cell (megakaryocyte) produced by the bone marrow

prevent excessive blood loss by causing clotting to occur

white blood cell

phagocyte

produces by bone marrow, lobed nucleus, granular/ non granular cytoplasm, engulfs and digest bacteria in process called phagocytosis

lymphocyte

produced by lymph nodes, round nucleus non granular cytoplasm, produces antibodies during invasion by foreign particles

becomes memory cells that can recognise same invaders

body becomes immune

immune system reacts to the pathogen by producing antibodies against it

administering weekend or deadpathogens to healthy person

agglutination of foreign bodies

attach and bind to the foreign bodies

neutralise toxins

leucocytes

to protect the body against infections and diseases

colourless, irregular in shape, able to squeeze through pores in capillary wall to reach site of infection, has nucleus

red blood cell

acclimatisation occurs when body produces more red blood cells which contains haemoglobin to carry more oxygen so as to compensate for the lower concentration of oxygen breathed into the body with each breath

thin flexible membrane

enable bending through narrow capillaries

no nucleus

increased volume for absorption of oxygen

biconcave shape

increased surface area for absorption of oxygen

has haemoglobin

iron containing protein complex found in red blood cells which has high affinity for oxygen; carries oxygen

HEART

septum

prevent mixing og oxygenatedand deoxygenated blood

left

ventricle

most muscular, excert very high pressure on blood, pump oxygenated blood from heart to all parts of body

receive oxygenated blood from pulmonary vein and pump into left ventrivle

biscupid valves

right

ventricle

less muscular, pump deoxygenated blood to lungs

atrium

receive deoxygenated blood from vena cava and pump into right ventricle

triscupid valves