Biology Extra Credit

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الكربوهيدرات

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eukaryotic

av Abuya' .

YOSHE-Biology - Animal Survival-the need for food

av yoshe watson

Made of

Nucleotides

Nitrogen Base

5 Carbon Sugar

Phosphate

managed by

energy coupling

coupled

Ligase

DNA Pol 1

Ester

traveling through

Proteins synthesized here are made in cytosol and go to these locations.

Primase

Dehydration Synthesis

Helicase

Lagging Strand

ALWAYS 5' - 3'

To enter the E.R.

SSB

binds to

which binds to the

SRP is removed, and

Protein released in ER

Leading Strand

Branched

DNA Pol III

yielding

bonds break by

Long Hydrocarbon Chains

drives an

Kinks

Made Of

REDUCTION

Oxidation

Electron Carrier

Big Idea I: Structure Relates Function

5D. Polypeptide Synthesis

Bound Ribosomes

Endomembrane System

for secretion

Vacuoles

Lysosomes

Golgi Apparatus

modify the protein

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Signal Regocgnition particle

Signal Peptide (End of synthesized peptide -during transcription)

Receptor Protein

Synthesis Continues in ER Lumen Membrane

Signal Peptide Removed

protein can now enter

Vesicles

aid in cell motility

powered by motor proteins

which attach to microtubules or filaments

part of cytoskeleton

Free Ribosomes

Etc, outside of endomembrane system

Choloroplast

Peroxisomes

Mitochondria

Cytosol

(3A) Biological Molecules

Lipids

forms bilayer in aqueous solution

Steroids

5 Rings - Cholesterol

Plasma Membrane

Vitamin D

Sex Hormones

Phospholipids

Hydrophobic Tails

Hydrophilic Heads

Tryglyceride

3 Fatty Acids

Unsaturated

Trans

H bond below

Cis

H bond above

Saturated

Glycerol

Nucleic Acids

RNA

Uracil - no thymine

Types

tRNA

mRNA

rRNA

DNA

Pyrimidines

Thymine

Cytosine

Purines

Guanine

Proteins

Primary

Sequence of Amino Acids

Secondary

Tertiary

Hydrogen

Ionic

Hydrophobic

Quaternary

Final Coiled Protein

Disulfide Bridges - Folding

Beta Pleated Sheets

Alpha Helix

Polypeptide Chains

Amino Acids

Acidic

-

Basic

+

NonPolar

CH3

Polar

OH, SH, NH

Carbohydrates

Complex Sugars

Polysaccharides

Cellulose

Beta Glucose

Structure/Plant

Glycogen

Energy/Animal

Starch

Alpha Glucose

Amylopectin

Amylose

Energy/Plant

5 Carbon

C6H12O6

Big Idea II: Energy is Stored Used and Transformed

9A. Cellular Respiration

ETC

H2O

Chemiosmosis

Kreb's Cycle

FADH2

Oxidation of Pyruvate

2 AcetylCoa

Glycolysis

Glucose

NADH

ATP

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

2 Pyruvate

8C. ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

Uses

Mechanical work

binding to motor proteins - ATP hydrolyzed

Transport work

phosphorylation of protein

Chemical Work

Exergonic Process

Endergonic Process

synthesis of amino acid

*need a phosphorylated intermediate

Structure

3 Phosphate Groups

Hydrolysis

- phosphate

yields ENERGY

+ H2O

Adenine

Ribose

Big Idea III: Genetic Information is Transmitted Through Generations and Expressed in a Regulated Manner

12F. Transcription/Translation

contains terminator sequence

contains Ribosome Binding Site

during transcription

Cytoplasm

Translation

When?

after transcription

Transcription

transcription factors

Produces

Pre-mRNA

poly A tail

5' CAP

RNA Processing

Spliceosomes

mature mRNA

Where?

Nucleus

11D. Replication

Prokaryotes

have only one ORI sequence

Eukaryotes

Have 100s of ORI Sequences

Strands Separated at ORI Sequence

Strands run Anti-Parallel

Strands Do Not Latch Back Together

RNA Primer placed down

DNA Nucleotides laid down

RNA Primers Removed

links Okazaki fragments

Strand continues