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documents
belonginigs
congenital conditions
healed injuries
stature
sex
age
non-vaccinated
immunocompromised
Infection
Intoxication with drugs
poisoning
Clinicopathologic diagnosis
Provide opinion on cause of death
Summarize findings in report
Ancillary studies
Internal examination
Look for disease/injury
Dissect organs and tissues
External examination
Trauma
Collect biologic samples
Collect physical evidence
History, Scene & Circumstances
Medical and social history
clothing
body position
Environment
Medical device with unique serial number
Comparison of distinctive markings or characteristics
mitochondrial DNA comparison
Nuclear DNA
distinctive configuration of bony structures of jaw
teeth roots and nearby sinuses
Comparison of dental fillings
based on finger ridge patterns
Degree of decomposition
- reconnaissance - search design - search - recovery - documentation - analysis - expert witness testimony
- aid the forensic pathologist - identification
Analysis
Biological profile
- age - sex biogeographical affiliation - stature - trauma/pathological conditions
mini- minimum number of individuals
Chain of custody
Document any item removed from scene
Recovery and transportation
- method matches specimen - bones
Documentation
- occurs at each step - mapping
Search methods
- line searching - walking - hands and knees - uphill/downhill - equipment
Search design
- direct or remote - terrain - time of year - hazards - search purpose - budget - available personnel
Reconnaissance
- Do not enter the scene - aerial photograph - maps contemporary - perimeter photography, video, sketches ] - intangible evidence
- Re-evaluated throughout analysis - basis of full search - always significant until proven otherwise
States that recessive alleles will always be masked by dominant alleles
law of independent assortment
whereas in nature, genes can exist in several different forms
some muscular dystrophies
cystic fibrosis
Sickle cell anemia
inherited from parents
types
shotgun
machine gun
handgun
single- shot pistol
derringer
revolver
Wound pattern depends on
exit gunshot wound
external beveling
slit-like appearance
stellate
irregular
entrance gunshot wound
bones
internal beveling
circular or “punched out”
range of fire
Pathologic range of fire
Distant / Indeterminate
Intermediate
Close
Contact
distance between the firearm muzzle and tissue
type of ammunition used
type of firearm used
extremities
epidural or extradural heat
white translucency of corneas
Soft tissues burn away and bones can fracture
fire
External Examination
skin
burn marks
Protrusion of abdominal contents
Longitudinal splits
Due to heat effect
Body with pugilistic attitude
Smoke inhalation
Burns and thermal injuries
Hot environment
Heat stroke
Environmental hyperthermia
heat exhaustion
Cold environment
Hypothermia
Frostbite
Lightning strike
Electrocution
Chemical asphyxia
Displacement of oxygen
Cyanide
Hydrogen sulfide
Carbon monoxide
pressure
Autoerotic asphyxia
Choke holds
Hanging
Ligature strangulation
Manual strangulation
Mechanical asphyxia
Crush asphyxia
Positional asphyxia
body position compromises breathing
Traumatic asphyxia
large heavy object compressing chest
Pressure on the outside of the body
classifying
Drowning
Plastic bag asphyxia
Chemical asphyxia
External next compression
Mechanical asphyxia
Death due to cerebral asphyxia
Failure of cells to receive or use oxygen
injury is blunt or sharp
alive and alert at the time of injury
caused by pointed/sharp edged
Chop wound
heavy sharp object creating the wound
Incised wound
straight edges
deep wound
Stab wound
sharp edges around wound
depth of wound
during active defense from weapon
calculation
Force = mass x acceleration = kilogram x (meter / second2)
Force varies with mass of object
nversely varies with the duration
Abrasion
removal of superficial layer of skin
produced from
destruction of superficial layers by compression
friction against a rough surface
patterned abrasion
imprinted/stamped onto the skin
Imprint of the object
Variation of an impact abrasion
impact abrasion
Scrape/brush abrasion
Contusion
Bruise
Fracture
break in the bone
Laceration
tear in tissue
caused by
shearing
crushing force
occur when
blunt object / surface
produces
crushing
tearing
shearing
scraping
strikes with
struck with
rail deaths
transportation safety board
rail investigators
fire death
emergency management
fire marshal
police
compel law
any finding legal
delegate power
non warranty authority
extract info
seize anything
enter/inspect
warranty authority
burial
post mortem
body possession
what they need
Who
DNA
prints
documents
demographics
how
medications
circumstances
medical history
by what means
where
evidence body
demographics
what
in public interest
pathologist
consultant
other agencies
forensic scientist
of an unidentified individual
Special case work
Audits
Cold cases
examinational testing and interpretations
CSI
forensic laboratory
laws police training
police agencies
egg
pupae
larvae
adult
disposal of body
Feed on tissue around a wound, destroying evidence
Larvae may move clothing to appear like a sexual assault took place
location will affect decomposition and insect colonization
develop faster at warmer temperatures
obvious odor present at this time
bloated appearance
due to the gases escaping from the body
very strong putrid odor
insects are still present at this stage.
arcass has been reduced to bones
large amount of the flesh removed
odor is less obtrusive than in the previous stage
circumstances surrounding death
suicide
accidental
undetermined
homicide
natural,
asphyxia
final physiological derangement
strangling
physiological derangement in the body
forensic
obscure/unnatural
sudden/suspicious
does in legal authority
hospital
extent of disease to treat descendant
treating with consent
during work
prison
psychiatric hospital
long term care facility
accident
overdose
malpractice
misconduct
negligence
Medical doctor
chief/deputy chief
forensic pathologist
roles
determining cause/circumstances for
unnatural deaths
unexpected deaths
unexplained deaths
access decedent medical records
determine need for further tests/investigators
order investigations or inquests
physician or “lay” person
Roles
collection of trace evidence
provide expert testimony
document injuries/interpretation
document disease process
determine cause/manner of death
identifiy unknown descendent
the body
in
ingested items
projectiles
fluids
near
weapons
on
fluids
Subtopic
trace
fingerprints
abrasions
changes
abnormal
wounds
chemical damage
punctures
trauma
normal
pathological
age related change
