grammar

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GRAMMAR

PRESENT

simple

Always, sometimes, never, often, usually, every morning...

We use this when

With verbs that are not action verbs. For example:

Prefer, like, love, hate, can't stand, want, remember, belone, believe, think, taste... rem

For a permanent situation:

He works very hard most of the time

My parents live in London

We say how often we do things:

How often do you go to the dentist?

I get up at 8 o'clock every morning

To talk about things in general:

NUrses look after patients in hospitals

The earth goes round the sun

We use do or does if it's a third person:

Does he work in a bank?

Do you work in a bank?

She doesn't read this book

I don't read this book

He drives a bus

I do my homework in my room

continuous

At the moment, now, today, this week, this evening...

For a temporary situation:

I'm living with some friends until I find a flat

The action isn't finished

Let's go out. It isn't raining now

I'm doing my homework at the moment

We talk about changes happening around now:

Is your English getting better?

The population of the world is rising very fast

We talk about things happening in a period around now:

Is Susan working today?

You're working hard today

PRESENT PERFECT

Already, just, yet, recently ,in the last few days, since, for...

These periods are not finished at the time of speaking

Have you had a holiday this year?

I've drunk four cups of coffe today

We talk about a period of time that continues from the past until now

Have you ever eaten caviar?

We've never had a car

To give new information or to annunce a recent happening

The police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery

The road is closed. There's been an accident

There is always a connection with now

I can't find my bag. Have you seen it?

He told me his name but I've forgotten it

Have + suject + verb in past participle Has + suject + verb in past participle

Haven't + verb in past participle in third person: hasn't + verb in past participle

postivie sentences:

Have + verb in past participle In third person: has + verb in past participle

PAST

for two actions that were occurring at the same time in the past

They were talking very loudly while we were trying to watch the movie

My son was reading while I was cooking

to talk about actions at a specific time in the past:

We were still working at 10 o’clock last night

Paula wasn’t living in Spain in 2005

for an action in development in the past when another action interrupts it:

The action that interrupts is in past simple:

Examples:

He was walking to work when he fell

Jose called while I was watching the news

Past continuous + when + past simple

Past simple + while + past continuous

Verb to be in past form and ing in the verb

Simple

for repeated or habitual actions in the past:

We always traveled to Cancun for vacation when we were young

He walked 5 kilometers every day to work

The simple past is used for a series of actions in the past:

I received the good news and immediately called my husband

He studied for an hour in the morning, worked all afternoon and didn’t return home until 10 at night

to speak of generalities or facts of the past:

I played the guitar when I was a child

The Aztec lived in Mexico

to talk about a concrete action that began and finished in the past:

Did they walk to school this morning

Tom stayed at home last night

We use did or didn't and we don't modify the verb

When did Mr Thomas die?

Did you go out last night?

I didn't do anything

They didn't invite her to the party

With irregular verb we don't add -ed. We need look a list of irreguar verbs, the firts line.

We saw Rose in town yesterday

I broke my leg when I was young

With regular verb we add -ed

The police stopped the fight

I worked in a shop

PAST PERFECT

Keywords:

Before, after

to point out that one event happened before another in the past.

When they arrived we had already started cooking.

John had gone out when I arrived in the office.

Had + suject + verb in past participle

Hadn't + verb in past participle

Had + verb in past participle

FUTURE

Continuous

to talk about actions at a specific time in the future.

We’ ll still be working at 10 o’clock tomorrow night.

Paula will be living in Spain next April.

Describes the action that will be developing in the future and will be interrupted.

Will it be raining when l leave?

Jose will be watching the news when you call.

Will + suj + be + verb in ing

Suj + won't be + verb in ing

Suj + will be + verb in ing

Perfect simple:

to show that something will continue until another action in the future.

Next week, I’ll have lived in Germany for 1 year.

Karen is going to have worked for 50 years by the time she retires.

For actions that will already be over before another action in the future

We won’t have become fluent in Spanish by the time we leave for Mexico next month.

Is Mike going to have trained enough before his first game?

I’ll have finished my studies before I start my new job.

Will + suj + have + verb in past participle

Suj + won't have + verbs in past participle

Suj + will have + verb in past participle

Shall:

we offer or suggest doing something:

Shall we go to Puerto Rico next summer?

I'm cold. Shall I close the windows?

if we want to ask advice

Shall I tell him?

Shall I start a new book?

Only with I and We

We shall probably go to Scotland four on holiday

I shall be tired this evening

Suject + shell + verb

Shan't + verb

Shell + verb

Will:

to say general predictions

I’m sure it will rain tomorrow

We decided to do something at the time of speacking:

I think I'll have something to eat

I'll go and shut the door

Questions sentences:

Will + suject + verb

Negative sentences:

Won't + verb

Will + verb

Going to:

To form for predictions

I'm going to have a hard time falling asleep

He's going to be a brilliant politician

To refer to plans and intentions

We are going to have dinner together tomorrow.

Is Freddy going to buy a new car soon?

Verb to be + going to + verb

Present simple:

For people if their plans are fixed like a timetable:

What time do you finish work tomorrow?

I start my new job on Monday

We talk about timetables, programmes etc

It's Wednesday tomorrow

The train leaves Plymouth at 11.3 and arrives in London at 14.45

Negative and questions sentences:

We use do or does if it's a third person

Positive sentences:

In third person we add -es or -s in the word

Present continuous:

We use this when:

To say what you have already arranged to do

I'm not working tomorrow, so we can go out somewhere

-What are you doing on Saturday evening? -I'm going to the theatre

Form:

Verb to be and -ing in the verb