av James Bell för 13 årar sedan
697
Heritage Sectional Exam 5
The Romantic and Neoclassical movements of the 18th and 19th centuries are explored through the works of artists such as Turner and Delacroix. Turner's paintings, like "Valley of Acosta"
av James Bell för 13 årar sedan
697
Mer av detta
What is a theory?
Richness
Testability
Scientific method
Intelligent design is not testable.
parsimony
simplicity
falsifiability
what can make it wrong?
Evolution:
No DNA/Reproductability/Relation to other species
Infallibility/Irrefutible
potential for irrationality
predictability
Scientific predictions
Specific
Gneral
Linkage to other beings
Replication
DNA
what does it predict
imperfections
The God of the Gaps
Complex organism w/o design
He did not INVENT evolution
Darwin told us who and what we are
we are not really that special
The rippling effect of falsifying, or simply disbelieving, evolution
Countless experiments on medicines and vaccines would be immediately invalidated
Almost ALL science fields would have to be re-thought
The storm of controversey
The Intelligent Design response and Irreducible Complexity
Teological Argument
Non-Ordination vs. Preordination
God Continues to Create
Theism
God is the cause
Deism
God is essentially the creater of an incredibly complex system with countless variables. He said go and is now watching/letting it work out.
Implications of chaos theory?
Those in the system can only break it down to probabilities (Quantum mechanics) at the present time.
Supercomputer.
the universe is reducible to probabilities
Takes into account Deterministic nature of universe without assigning an omniscient being
not science.
Can there really be a THEORY of evolution?
The Scopes trial and Kansas
Conflict with christianity and Judaism
A new view of human nature. Is there such thing as human nature at all?
The Descent of Man
Missing Links
we have similar ancestors as monkeys, but they diverged. They are supposedly extinct
Evidence:
Vestigial Organs
Tail bone, Appendix, Male Nipples, etc.
Human Variation
Embryological
Morphological
Phisiological
The Origin of Species
Theory of Evolution
Artificial Selection
breeding
Sexual Selection
typically male competition and female choice
competition, reproduction of chosen
Natural Selection
Survival of the most adaptable
Survival/Reproductive success
Trait/Environmental Variation
new heritarary variations continually arise in organisms and the adaptive ones are selected--that is, survival of the fittest
Populational Speciation
evolution occurs by changes in one or more hereditary characteristics
Gradualism:
the differences between organisms evolve by innumerable small steps
Nature does not take Leaps
Common Descent
We all have common ancestors
Charactericts of lineages change over time
solution to the problem of the fixity of species
med student, anglican priesthood, naturalist--HMS Beagle
20 Years of Observations
Carles Lyell
long term environmental change is cyclical and constant over time; god greated species to fit their environment
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Spontaneous generation and the fluid that causes growth
Development over EONS
Enlightenment notions of progress applied to Biology
Rejection of fixity of species
Organisms progress toward greater complexity, but have no common ancestry
transmutation over time; spontaneous generation of rudimentary organisms; charactristics can be aquired through action and transfered to the next generation
George Louis LeClerc Buffon
Organic Chemistry Spontaneous Generation
species may change in relation to the environment
Paley
Fixity of species proves intelligent design
platonistic biology
but what about specification? and changes?
Watch Analogy
is a random watch found on a beach more likely to be created or randomly generated?
Order implies design
we were created
Movement in Biology away from Platonism to Teleology
Newton
God=Gravity
Shift in Physics away from teleology
Linnarus
absolute fixity of species
but interbreeding can create new species
species bear the impression of the Creator's thought. The scientist must arrange all beings in a natural system according to their likeness to one another
Diderot
animate beings are composed of particles that arrange themselves in no predetermined order
the animate beings are bound by teleology
the inanimate objects evolve according to natural laws
what we call reasoning in humans is simply sophisticated expectation; we are not distinct from other animals in this regard
Descartes
the universe is a machine of sorts, explicable by the laws of science
Aquinas
Spontaneous Generation
Augustine
Noah's Ark Problem!
The math doesnt work!
Aristotle
all things are in motion except God and have a fixed inherent form
Plato
everything is a fixed transcendent form
Anaxagoras
The four elements are combined by the mind
Anaximander
Infant Forms
Empedocles
earth, air, fire, and water combined and separated by two forces: love and strife. Living things evolve over long periods of time
Religion is the opiate of the masses and the sigh of the oppressed
The Communist Manifesto
To Avoid it?
Make marx more capitalist
Government programs
people give up rights for the sake of the collective: SOCIAL CONTRACT
How it Can go Horribly Wrong
no incentive to succeed
Ten Planks
FREE education for all children in government schools
The Enlightened Masses
education leads to prosperity
combination of education with industrial production
abolition of childrens factory labor in its present form
Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries
Gradual abolition of the distinction between town and country by a more equible distribution of the population over the country
Equal liability of all to labor
Argiculture
establishment of industrial armies
FROM EACH according to his ABILITY, TO EACH according to their NEED
Free Public Everything
High Tax to equalize wages
The Free Development is the condition for the Free development of all
Freedom from oppression
Extension of Factories and instruments of production owned by the state
the improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a common plan
The bringing into cultivation of waste lands
centralization of the means of communication and transportation in the hands of the state
centralization of credit in the hands of the state, by means of a national band with state capital and an exclusive monopoly
Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels
Abolition of all rights of inheritance
A Heavy progressive tax or graduated income tax
Brotherly Motivation
The Utopian Goal
Love as a motivating force to promote other's success
Taxation, Rights, and the Surrender of Freedom for Equality
in order to live well together
Abolition of private property and application of all rent to a public purpose
Hegelian Dialectical class struggle
Observation of Industry
Look at the plight of the underclass
is this the best we can do?
focus not on efficiency, but on morality
NO ONE IS REDUCED TO STUPIDITY
The poor DO NOT benefit from the spending of the wealthy.
education is that return in communism
humans desire to have a return on labor
Instead: free exchange of goods
no. capitalism is wrong if it necessitates the degradation of humans subjected to such a system
the larger the system, the more oppressive
Embracing the contradiction
Hegel DEMANDS FREEDOM in System
What is oppression?
Realistic oppression/literal
To avoid it?
make Smith more communistic (government programs?)
oppression of rights and means
Social Contract
Alienation is extricable from oppression
oppression cuarantees a society of haves and have nots
the institution of private property guarantees oppression
Once labor is a commodity, the workers become alienated
from other humans
from themselves
from the surplus capital generated
from the objects produced
Labor becomes a commodity
Class struggle is Inevitable
the reward of ownership is excess capital, i.e. profit
Ownership falls to those with the capital to buy labor
Locke's own idea of property ownership is overturned once labor is paid for
What happens during rapid industrialization?
a simple pastoral existence is replaced by a squalid subsistence-level job and the workers are confined to slums
Displaced people migrate to the industrial sites for work
corporate giants take over both supply and production
the small supplier disappears
Demand for raw goods increases
Ultimately about the ownership of property, the accumulation of wealth and the free exchange of goods
How it can go horribly wrong
Tyranny of the Monopoly
Loss of Freedom
Individuals vote with their own dollar
capital=power
Hobbesian Motivation: SelfInterest
prople are greedy
we want longevity
government is established to accomplish this goal
natural right to everything
The Spending of the Wealthy trickles down to benefit the underclass
Revolt!
Middle class is necessary. Upper class should treat them well
The Goal of Social Mobility
poverty as a motivating force
Separation leads to a drive to move up in society/to gain capital/power
The larger the underclass, the more efficient the economy
keep the wealthy happy
The Division of Labor
A Peculiarly Human Trait
The Tendency toward Efficiency is the initable result of Rational Bartering among Humans
The invisible hand
The process of Bartering creates wealth
Those who acquire this wealth spend it on commodities
And in doing so are led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of the intention
Humans tend toward the greatest efficiency in Manufacture
Race to the bottom
all compete to provide the best product at the cheapest cost
market competition leads to cheaper production costs, not necessarily better products
Natural Result of Civilization
Greater Output
Greater Profit
Excess Capital
More spending by the Wealthy
All such workers may be managed by a single person
Most efficient method of production
Efficiency=Morality
Otherwise Unskilled laborers may be taught a specific task and grouped together
the man whose life is spent performing a few simple operations...becomes as stupid and ignorant as it is possible for a human creature to be... but in every such improved and civilized society this is the state into which the laboring poor, that is, the great body of the people must necessarily fall
The Absolute/Christian God?
The culmination of human reason is thus the State, with its laws and heirarchies
Reason only knows what is historically embedded
Mind behind all others is not seen as manifest in reason, and hence that the absolute is unfolding itself to itself
physical objects
gravity
The Rational is the Actual and the Actual is the Rational
Reason: unmasks the otherness, only to find that Mind or Spirit is behind all objects of consciousness
self-consciousness: faces other objects as mirror images of the self
Consciousness confronts the other
Philosophical Reflection
Reason: mixes the national abstractions into a synthesis
Dialectic Proper: Finds the contraties and/or contradictions in the fixations of understanding
The mind is engaged PERPETUALLY
Continuous self comment through the dialectical
Abstract understanding: The roving understanding fixes to a single direction anc thus robs itself of the view of sense
Hegel
Understanding demands precision; to be carried to a logical conclusion
We LOOK for contradictions
Embraces possibilities
Limited by experience
WHAT do WE expect?
principle of custom
correctable by reflection on self and world
Can A also be ~A
Add determinatedness to pure being; then the merely possible can be an object of understanding and thus known with respect to "mere nothing"
pure being is the opposite of mere nothing
both nothing and pure being are indeterminate, but the synthesis yields particularity--determinant particulars/reality.
but this claim cannot be substantiated itself because both notions are void of determinate
Does Hegel give up NonContradiction
Embraces contradiction
Contradiction is enriching
The Hegelian Dialectic
The reflective retreat of our thinking is its continuous self-comment upon prior thoughts, the full sense of which requires that this reflective retreat finish
synthesis takes into account historical/cultural context of propositions
WE are HISTORICAL BEINGS engaged in a DIALECTICAL process
Sentences combined with their negatives (not always contradictories), when paired as such provide the mind with illuminating and stimulating force.
A deduction is always possible and a SYNTHESIS is demanded
A method of thought, but not thought about propositions which make claims about the world
Thesis and Antithesis cannot hold truth values
Thesis+Antithesis=Synthesis
Republicans+Democrats=Moderates
Argument: Girlfriend and Boyfriend have a fight
Synthesis: Compromise
Naiive Realism
Reality observed consists of ideas
Hegel is obsessed with how creation takes place
Primary and Secondary Properties exist outside the mind
The mind is active
OPTICS: Copernican Revolution
Time, Space, primary and secondary properties are with us, not existant in the world
When something isn't observed, we don't know that it still exists
Pre-Kant
The World looks like it does OBJECTIVELY
To whom does this imperative apply?
What is the Categorical Imperative?
Universal Ethics
All rational beings are free
All deserve signs of dignity and respect
it is categorically demanded that all beings are ends themselves and not a means to an end
EVERYONE had VALUE
God's existence creates morality
If everyone lied, the world would not make sense
ontological argument
Categorical Imperative
DUTY, WILL, PURE, RATIONALITY
Moral Obligation?
Our respect for moral duty
Deontological
The Consequences of our actions?
Consequential
Teological
Can we know the external world?
Phenomena
The raw data of sense experience
Empirical Intuition
shaped by mind to create judgments
Noumena
Experience doesnt just spring up being regular
Natural/Primary Properties
The thing in itself, unperceived
Where are Space and Time?
Categories
What causes the regularity of experience?
What causes improper perceptions?
Propositions
Synthetic A Priori
By making the objective subjective, Kant achieves universality
What about metaphysical claims?
Epistemological preconditions to make judgements, but not observable
The eye is the precondition for vision, but it is not observable
Take internal structures
Mathematical Judgments
5+7=12
Both INFORMATIVE and CERTAIN
Synthetic A Posteriori
A Posteriori
dependent on sense experience
Synthetic
the predicate must tell something that may or not be true about the subject
some grass is green
True or False statements
Analytical A Priori
A priori
independent of sense experience
Analytic
The predicate restates the subject
all bachelors are unmarried men
Tautologies
Another Copernican Revolution?
Rejects classic conceptions of the mind, space, and time
What must one assume to justify a judgment
Science is not Experience. It only begins that way, but then develops and agrees on theories
Assuming Knowledge, what must we presuppose about the mind to facilitate the cause and effect notions?
The Mind supplies SPACE, TIME, and CAUSALITY
External objectivity
We perceive the general things the same because of the architecture of the mind
Internal subjectivity
accouonts for different perceptions
Is the mind active in the creation of the world, somewhat like a camera
The mind must perceive for it to develop intellectually
against Meno
If there is knowledge, how must the human mind be structured? Does the mind:
Passively Receive information from the world
NO
What is the Kantian view of the mind?
Accepts Euclid's Geometry, Newton's Physics, and Aristotle's logic
I was awakened by Hume from my dogmatic slumbers
Science is the study of causality
Hume's science is not possible
How? Kant.
To get around Hume, we change our idea of the mind and of objectivity
What shall we plead on behalf of metaphysics?
Descartes is pro-Metaphysics
Hume says NO METAPHYSICS
embrace skepticism
Where is the necessity in causality?
Perceive the conjunction of happening
Cause and Effect
Principle of Custom
Habituated expectation
Psychological
Gemera;ozatopm
No perception of causality for it would produce an impression
No perception of necessity
Reason + Feeling = Hegel
Neoclassicism+Baroque=Impressionism
The Becoming, not the Actualized
painting is an IDEA of EXPERIENCE
Ballet Rehearsal (1874)
vision is limited and we cannot see everything
unevenness of space
Baudelaire: "Modernity in the transitory, the fleeting, the contingent"
Movement
A Bar at the Foiles-Bergere (1881-82)
realism in monotony
holistic approach
Detail is unnecessary at a distance
Modern Life
Realism and Impressionism
Woman Bathing (1891)
Japonisme
IMPERIALISM
Com. Matthew Perry
Modern art more influenced by japonisme than photography
Ando Hiroshige (1850's)
Domestic Scenes
Urban Life
Japanese Wood Block Prints
Flat color, cartoonistic, almost like a drawing
Girl Arranging her Hair (1886)
Clear
Mother and Child in Bed (1897)
American
Lady at her Toilette (1880)
Abstract
physical and ephemeral approach
loose brushwork = motion and fluidity
visual shorthand
The Cradle (1872)
Motherhood
Woman in real situations
Luncheon of the Boating Party (1880-81)
leisure
color, light in shallow space
The Frog Pond (1869)
scene of ejoyment
Monet painting in his garden (1837)
innacuracy of vision
Ripple from the rationalist philosophy
Natural Light
Impression--Sunrise (1872)
fleeting experience
landscapes don't exist. The surrounding atmosphere gives it value
fishermen making money
pollution in background
Focus on impact of a subject on the eyes
Light, color, angles, changing of day
Money told a young artist
when you go out to paint, try to forget what objects you have before you--a tree, a house, a field, or whatever. Merely think, here is a little square of blue, here an oblong of pink, here a streak of yellowm and paint just as it looks to you, the exact color and shape, until it gives you your own naive impression of the scene before you
the innocent eye
the eyes
Cezanne: "Monet is only an eye, buy my God, what an eye?"
Impressionists were rejected from France
They are impressionists in the sense that they render not a landscape, but the sensation produced by a landscape
The goal of instantaneity
"For me, a landscape does not exist in its own right, since its appearance changes at every moment; but the surrounding atmosphere brings it to life--the light and the air which vary continually. For me, it is only the surrounding atmosphere which gives the subjects their true value."
Current Events
Haystacks
(1890)
Blurred, Generalized, Study of Light/Color, subject not as important
Optics
Impressionism
The Execution of the Emperor Maximilian (1867)
Lacks moral narrative, but criticizes french position in Mexico
reminder of Goya
critical of empirical rule/imperialism
Man and Animal
The Horse Fair (1853-55)
Matter of Fact in everything, American Style
Break from realism
Energy
Successful Female Artist
Rural Realities
Man with a Hoe (1852-62)
Infusion of passion
non-realistic
FRANKNESS
hard work
he was not political, but his work was interpreted as though he was
rural farmer painted by a wealthy painter
Ideas
Realism is domocract in art
The essence of realism is the negation of the ideal
Painting is the representation of visible forms
Show me an angel and I'll paint one
The art of painting should consist only in the representation of objects which the artist can see and tough
Everyday Life
Burial at Ornans (1849-50)
lack of cohesive narrative
rough, thick, pointing
heavy effect
secular
depicts middle class and peasants
one almost falls into the grave
common, trivial, and grotesque
The Stone Breakers (1850)
realist depicted middle and lower class subjects
humility shows grit of their work
Representation of visual forms
NEGATION on IDEAL
Many were rebel socialists who were imprisoned
accessibility of middle and lower class to art
Critique
Nobody could dent that a stone-breaker is as worthy a subject in art as a prince or any other individual. But at least let your stone-breaker not be an object as insignificant as the stone he is breaking.
French
The End of the Enlightenment
The Third of May, 1808 (1814)
critical conceptual
realism w/o rationality
First socialist, realist painting
Disasters of War print series (1810-14), (published 1863)
That is Worse
New Depiction
BRUTALITY!
"I Saw It"
Saturn Devouiring His Son (1820-23)
conflict between enlightenment and real
Mythical Subject of dark themes
The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters (1799)
Doubting the Enlightenment
Skepticism
Etching
Spanish
expression of feeling
Rain, Steam, and Speed--The Great Western Railway, (1844)
Machienery overtakes Nature
The Slave Ship (1840)
Not understood, but felt
How nature responds to human horror
Valley of Acosta--Snowstorm, Avalanche, Thunderstorm (1836-37)
Sublime terror of nature
Passionately in love with passion
The most bequtiful works of art are those that express the pure imagination of the artist
Death of Sardanapalus (1828)
Action and Motive Depicted
Spiteful representation?
Deontological Duty
King orders distruction, it is done.
Chaos
Lion hunt (1854)
Circularity
Chaos and Action
Disorder, Loose Brushwork
Violent and Exotic
Not for rational mind, but the animal/ primal side of human nature
Preference to represent the violent
Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi (1785)
Morally Uplifting
Children are a mother's most precious jewels/treasure
Compare to Oath of Horatiii
Sketches of Napoleon (c. 1796)
Napoleon crossing the alps
Equestrian Portrait
Symbol of POWER
Propaganda
Napoleon in his study, 1812
Time on clock shows Naoleon's work ethic
working into the night for his people
Death of Socrates
Women to Back
Rectilinear
The Death of Marat
Compare to Michaelangelo's Pieta
Secular Pieta
Marat was an Athiest
Dark Space
Isolation of Death
Unpretentious, simple detail
Murdered in Bathtub
Self Portrait
Revolutionary
Pro-Regicide
Changed Visual Culture
Oath of the Horatii (1784-85)
The Didactic Call
During Revolution
An incon for revolution
To Monarch
Gender Differentiation
Kant's Sublime and Beautiful
Females: Amlost Spineless
Senses (Beautiful)
Males: Upright
Duty (Sublime)
Deontological Patriotism
devotion regardless of the consequences
Selflessness
Lower Value: Emotonalism
The living Horatii brother killed his sister for mourning the death of his other brothers
Higher Value: Selflessness
Purified, Austere, Highly Idealized, Controlled, Iconic, Rhetorical Style
sober, almost monochromatic, simple, classically inspired
Artists should dip their brush in intellect
In Sober Reason
Influenced by ideas of 18th Century archaeologist, Winkelmann, who suggested that "The only way to become great is by imitation of the ancients
noble simplicity and grandeur
The Swing (1766-67)
Symbol of lost virginity
Lighthearted
Sensual
Art not for public display
Immprtality
the PRESENT experience of unity with the infinite
Fleeting Experience
and NOT a heaven
not the experienxe of a world beyond this world
Jesus
the way to experience God
Evil
Anything obstructing our relation with god
Perversions exist (crusades/inquisitions) but are not religious.
Often secondary concepts
EVIL is subjective
No such thing as Evil.
World
A good place because it allows us to experience ourselves in relation to the all
The Whence of the all
Fromwhere
Source of all that is
A particular conception of God is only PART of religious experience
We are constantly becoming more conscious of God
Scripture
glorious production that has a role, but servile reference makes it a monument to the past/an idol.
Focus on FEELING, not scripture
Doctrine
true religion includes doctrines and dogmas, but they must come out of feeling
Orientation vis-a-vis the universe
Religion is a unifier and orienter
we are the Children of God
We are a small, but important part of a glorious whole
We feel how things impact us, not the things themselves
Religion is not intellectual/behavioral, but rather a Primordial awareness
feeling of
piety (religiousness)
Being Life Oneness with the All/Infinite
sense/desire for the infinite/unity/connection
Fundamentally Mystical
Implications for Religion
Implications for God
Space, time, causality dnzbld us to perceive all else
no objective knowledge of God
Minimalism
We can only know God through Human Reason
Human reason can decipher the universe
Knowledge of god in experience
acknowledgement that there is no objective knowledge of God
rationalism and empirical evidence are more acceptable than religion
Focus on the sensations of religious experience
full body religiosity
personal relation with Jesus Christ
works
belief
faith and belief that God's grace is the only requirement for salvation
Religion is not simply an activity, thought, doctrine, or belief
Feeling
Acting
Thinking
No Narrative Commentary
Madame Bovary (1856)
What techniques does Flaubert use for rendering reality into fiction in this passage?
Uses little to no narrative commentary: Lets the reader decide
thinginess
detail
How well does Emma's life live up to the expectations she gets from these sentimental romances?
It does not. Her husband is grotesque and the details of his face present a direct conflict with her desired reality
What ideals does Emma take in Through her reading?
similar to Quixote. She wants an idealized reality.
What is REALISM
Goal:
Show deficiencies of existing ideologies and present society
make the ideal obviously unrealizable
Historical Differences
Modern World
Classes of objects/rigidity
Particulars
The Material World/Phenomenal
The Realm of Becoming
Middle Ages
Truth
Universals and abstrations
Noumenal World
God/Plato's Realm of Being
Definition
Movement to uncover phenomenal system
accurately and profoundly set in a definite period
real/everyday experiences are taken seriously
objects a sentimental/romantic approach
Objective treatment of ordinary reality
What is the novel especially good at presenting?
human character, middle class, clash or ideologies (political/scientific), realism/verisimilitude, sense of felt life, irony, fallen from the ideal
Historical reason for development of Novel in the west
Printing press
rise of middle class
capitalism
democracy
empiricism in science and philosophy
protestant reformatio
George Lukacs
Unidealized reality
The Novel is the epic of a world abandoned by God
Formal Realism? Conventions?
The Epic vs. The Novel
Plot
causal relation between probable events
Language
not elevated, words correspond to objects
Treatment of Time
movement closer to everyday experience
Characters
deapth and background, first and last names, development over time
Setting
Real places, detail, real moments in history
Epic:
Gilgamesh/Iliad/Mahabharata/Quixote/Beowulf
What is signigificant about literary genres in general? Why study them?
Modern Imaginative Literature
Prose Fiction
Short Story
Novel
Plays
Poetry
Aristotle's Literary Categories
Epic
Dramatic
Lyric
genre:literature::species:evolution
What is a novel? What Characterizes this literary genre? What is distinct about it?
concerned with the development of a character over time. All about character's development, time, setting, etc.
Master's Wife in the Big House = Ole' Miss
OUGHT
Facts w/ social conventions
HOW do we make VALUE judgments?
IS
Facts
Jacob's choice
How do you respond to the option tht Jacobs created for herself?
Was marrying a man she loved an option?
Was abstaining from sex an option for Jacobs in 1829, when she was 16?
Politics cannot leave the bedroom
There is no such thing as consentual sexual relations for a slave
Acquiesence, but not freedom to choose. Even AMONG SLAVES
Morality sacrificed for economic procreation
but what about motives: better treatment?
How are we, 150 years later, in 2011, to understand her choice?
Should Jacobs have done this? What would a northern white woman say in 1861?
Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
BROKE the SCILENCE about SEXUAL ISSUES w/ SLAVERY
Arrival in New Bradford episode
What conclusions must be drawn as a result of his observations? How do Douglass's ideas on wealth and on the value of work compare and contrast with those of Marx?
What economic theory is he implying?
What new conclusions must he draw in New Bradford?
What conclusions had he drawn while in the South about work and Wealth?
what suprises Douglass about New Bradford when he arrives?
the six cents episode
what issues does this episode reveal as serious concerns of Douglass
what are the implications here for one or more of the following
the relationship between slave and slaveholder
the meaning of money
the value of work
Literacy
Is douglass correct about the power of learning? Is literacy the key to freedom today? Do all oppressed peoples feel that education is the key to freedom?
Mrs. Auld Episode
How does Douglass use the values of true womanhood to sway his audience?
you cannot be a good christian and a slaveholder
How was Sophia Auld affected by being a slave holder?
purity to immorality
piety to demon
What surprised him about her, and why was he surprised?
the demonhood and immorality that came out of being a slaveholder
What were Douglass's expectations of this new mistress (Mrs. Sophia Auld)?
Kindness/Compassion
Barbara Welter, "The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860 (1960): What four qualities were worshiped in the true woman?
Submissive to Male Husband
Domesticity
Piety (Religiousness)
Purity
Sexually/Morally
Who mainly comprised the original audience for Douglass's Narrative?
Women's rights came out of abolishion
Women. Northern Women.
What were the Enlightenment principles and values that douglass espoused?
Critique establishment
Self-evidency
Objective Truths
Government is created by the people
people have natural rights
reason is the guide
commitment to founding principles
sonstitutional
nonviolence
What, to the American Slave, is your 4th of July?
Hegelian Dialectic
Synthesis: Ammendment
Peaceful, not like Nat Turner's Violent rebellion
Douglas says to ammend the constitution
Douglass an enlightenment thinker
Antithesis: 3/5ths representation of slave to man
Thesis: Declaration of Independence
The Aunt Hester Episode
What makes this episode an effective opening?
puts the reader in the child's shoes
innonence to experience
blood-stained gate--takes reader on a journey
emphasis of whiteness
why does Captain Anthony Whip Douglass's Aunt?
sexual jealosy
1981
Jean Fagin Yellin determines that Jacobs is the author of Incidents
1897
Fredrick Douglass Dies
1895
Harriet Jacobs dies
after 1865
U.S. minister to Hati
Douglass assistant secretary of the Santo Domingo Commission
1861-65
1863-65
Jacobs and her daughter go to Southern U.S. to help refugees, open a school for them in Virginia
1861
Jacobs publishes Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl under the name Linda Brent
1859
John Brown occupies arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia
Seneca Falls, women's rights convention
1845
Douglass publishes his narrative
1842
Harriet Jacobs escapes slavery
1841
Douglass speaks at an anti-slavery meeting in Nantucket, Mass.
1838
Douglass escapes, leaving Baltimore by ship
1817 or 18
Frederick Douglass born into slavery in Maryland
c. 1813
Harriet Jacobs born into slavery in Edenton, North Carolina
CON
Betrayal of the Values of the Enlightenment
Shift in values
After/Romantic Values
Inner Reality, Private vision, sensibility, feeling, particular experiences, concrete particulars, personal perception, seeking originality, autobiography, genius
Before/Enlightenment Values
Outer, Public, Reason, Judgment, General Truths, Abstract Truths, Common Sense, Following Rules, Imitating the Ancients
However, Romantics use their minds to turn a LOSS into a VICTORY
The Second and latter phases and their aftermath
Napoleon's seizing power (1799)
The Reign of Terror (1793-94)
Robespierre and the Committee for Public Safety (put Rousseau's idea of the general will into action
the despotism of liberty
The September Massacres (1792)
PRO
These events were the cause of enlightenment values
Liberty
Equality
The First (or Constitutional phase) of the French Revolution (1789-1792)
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789)
The Storming of the Bastille (1789)
The Tennis Court Oath (1789)
Soul is immortal when it realizes the infinitude of itself
Children can do it much easier than adults
The Human Mind = God/Creator
Chimney Sweepers
Experience
The second day and so on...things get bad.
People don't follow the Categorical Imperative
Duty? Different forms of Duty
Dehumanization
Little black thing
Satire
Bitter
Because I appear happy, everyone goes on with their lives and make a heaven of our misery
SOCIAL CRITIQUE
Innonence
Deontological Duty: Help society => Heaven
First day as a chimney sweep: not too bad
Not really a social critique
Innonence to Excperience
Understanding the detriment Society undergoes
The mind creates ALL
Beauty of nature==beauty of human imagination
Worship/praise of the human mind's ability to create reality
The Prelude
a Compensatory Philosophy
Potentiality is Greater than Actuality
the potential to be
The Dream Counts, Not Reality
High Hopes in 1789-91
idealism
rety could be freed from all oppression
Human nature seeming born again
The Boat Stealing Episode
Nature is a combination of Morality and huge forms
The mind creates the forms
The two combined offer us consciousness
Nature offers consciousness
Tintern Abbey
ROMANTIC
A posteriori
the mind creates reality
Freedom, Transcendental Limits, Human aspiration, unbounded hope, subjective imagination, extreme states, breaking out of bounds, energy, movement
no rhyme
blank verse
The Natural World
Individual Rights
Enlightenment Thought
Values REVOLUTION
Contains the first person.
An Outsider in Exile
Personal Truth through Experience
Reflects desire for freedom/no limits
Tension between lines
Enjambment
Essay on Man (1733)
NEOCLASSICISM
CHARACTERISTICS
Symmetry, balance, limitations, obtainable goals, scientific, moderation, proportion, order, decorum
Rhyming Iambic Pentameter: Heroic Couplers
Third Person:
Poet speaks FOR society
a social insider
Didactic
General and Absolute Truth
Focus on Science, Religion, Morality, The rational and empirical, and how it is all intertwined
Call for balance and symmetry
Don't step out of your place. Stay and work where society has placed you.
The Great Chain of Being
Platonism
Forms
God
Human Mind
Valuing the STATUS QUO
Subject: Society/State
Aristocracy & Monarchy
Deontological Statement
Kantian ZEITGEIST
Kant's ethic
Opportunity for introspection
View civil war not as something unique, but an event that obeyed social and chronological conventions elsewhere
Taiping Rebelllion
3x the amount of deaths as Civil war
Be aware of a world outside the U.S.
The First Modern War
Not really
States' Rights
Centralism and Regionalism
Nothing unique.
Growing pains of a new, growing nation
zeitgeist. Product of the times
Nationalism
War creates a sense of unity
Compared to Patriotism:
general sentiment
advocacy of or support for the interests of one's own nation, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations
expressed through political advocacy
Consequences
Strengthened nationalism on both sides
Reinforced prejudices on both sides
USA enlarged by 50% and gained another coastline
Mexico lost half its territory
The War of North American Intervention
ESSENTIALLY A THEFT.
forced cession of territory
Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago
$15 Million in repairations and payment for land.
U.S. captures Mexico city in the fall of 1847
Mexico has shed American blood on American soil
Josefina Vazquez, Mexico and the United States, p. 43
January 1846: General Zachary Taylor to the Rio Grande and Polk drafts declaration of war
President James K. Polk: Proposal:25 Million for California and New Mexico
Contrasts between Mexico and the United States
U.S. Stability
Manifest Destiny
economic growth, geographic expansion, exceptionalism
Mexican Instability
The Economy
Foreign victimization
spain's colonial policy; gouging lending by British banks; American ambassadors meddled; Spanish and French tried to invade
Army a drain on the treasury: liberal and conservative antagonism
Silver Mines lay Dormant
the Mexican war for independence left the economy in tatters
External Threats
1838, French warships briefly seize veracruz
Santa Anna himself a destabilizing force
converted patriot, became president
Liberals vs. Conservatives
literally violent, warring situation between political parties
The War over Texas
TX, NM, AZ, CA, NV, and UT (and parts of CO, WY, KS, and OK) used to belong to Mexico
Treaty of Velasco (1836)
The Rio Grande, The Rio Nueces, the Rio Bravo?
March 1863, the Texans declared independence; Gen. Santa Anna
San Jacinto: 630 Mexicans executed except for Santa Anna
The Alamo: William Travis, Jim Bowe, Davie Crocket, and 200 others killed
Cultural tensions
Laws
Attitudes
Austin and the Mexican state Coahuila y Texas; by 1827, there are 12000 US citizens in Texas
Saltillo, Coah. for legal/gov't bsusiness.
by 1835 there are 35000 Anglos; cf. 8000 Mexicans
Exceptionalism
argument against the man or for the man
Ethic comes from reason
Reason is the slave of passions
Othello's wife avant convince him to rationally spare her life
Iago's reason preys on Othello's emotion
Role Reversal
Swooning Men
Cunning women
Eve
Rational
Adam
Emotional
What exactly is Democracy?
equality
Moral ONLY. NOT economic
Self Evidency
Any human who reads the constitution can understand it for himself without the aid of religious institutions
A Priori
Notions of Autonomy => Downfall of Religious Sentiments
Could Revolution be sanctioned by God?
Papal Mandate of Heaven==Arbitrary Power
English Bill of Rights
How much does a revolution change
depends on perspective
rhich
of course!
poor
not much
but other factors are present
Subaltern
poor experience change?
Cultural:
are there changes in culture?
Economic:
does the economy reflect the shift in power?
usually political/violent
Zeitgeist
the same ideas that started revolutions were part of the spirit of the thinkers who spread their thoughts globally, influencing future change
spirit of the times
Chain of Events
Pro: small things do impact larger things
But longterm prediction is IMPOSSIBLE
Chaos Theory
Con: Chains leave out possibilities
Beware of prejudices to be able to justify your arguments w/ documentation and a global perspective
1864-70
1867-9
The Meiji Restoration
Japanese Revolution
1864-71
Wars of German Unification
War of the Triple Alliance (a.k.a. Paraguayan War, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay VS. Paraguay
1861-5
1862-7
The French Intervention in Mexico (Mexico vs. France and Austria)
the US Civil War
1855
Henry Bessemer (English) patents his steel converter, revolutionizing the building of bridges, railroads, ships, and guns
Revolution of Ayutla marks the rise of liberalism in Mexico
1854
Founding of the Republican party by abolishionists (liberals) in the USA
The Year of Revolution
Wave of revolutions across Europe, Especially France, the Austrian Empire, and Many German and Italian states
All but the French revolution failed
Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels (Germans) write the Communist Manifesto, predicting capitalism's downfall
1840
Rowland Hill (English) invents the postage stamp
1837
Henry Morse (USA) patents his telegraph and invents "Morse Code" for its use
1835-6
Samuel Colt (USA) patents the modern revolver
Texas War of independence (a.k.a. Texas Revolution)
1831
Nat Turner's Rebellion
1830
Revolutions in France, the Netherlands, and Poland
1829
George Stephenson (English) launches the railway age with the commercial locomotive
1826
Nicephore Niepce (French) produces the world's first photograph
8 hour exposure
1810-25
1822
Brazil declares independence, peacefully, and an empire rather than a republic
1821
Mexico achieves independence
Overthrow of Tyrant
1815
Napoleon Defeated by British forces at the Battle of Waterloo
1812
JMW Turner (English) revolutionizes landscape painting with Snowstorm: Hannibal Crossing the Alps and subsequent works
Spanish-American Wars of Independence begin
1808
Naopleon Bonaparte invades Spain and Portugal
1807
Britian abolshes its slave trade and encourages other countries to do the same
1804
Beethoven (German) revolutionizes music with his proto-Romantic 3rd (Eroica) symphony and subsequent works
1802
William Symington (Scottish) launches the first comercial steamboar
1789-99
1794
Eli Whitney (USA) patents his cotton gin; he also pioneers interchangable parts
1791
Haitian Revolution begins; independence declared in 1804
French Revolution
Almost EVERYTHING changed. Even Calendar
YES.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man
General EXCHANGE of IDEAS
Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Lafayette, Jefferson, etc.
Storming the Bastille
Conspicuous consumption of the rich
Mary Antionette
Let them eat cake
Versailles
Seven Years War Against Britain
1785
Richard Cartwright (English) invents the power loom, revolutionizing textile production
1775-83
1781
Immanuel Kant (German) revolutionizes philosophy with Critique of Pure Reason
1779
Samuel Crompton (English) incents the spinning mule for the mass production of thread
1776
Adam Smith (Scottish) revolutionizes economics with The Wealth of Nations
American Revolution
Revolution?
Questionable.
Subaltern front
Native Americans and poor whites and blacks
still excluded
Cultural front
Same national anthems
Look to britian for Arts and Literature
Americans still protestant, white, english people
Economic Front
Wealthy white men wrote documents
failure to integrate society
Britian still invested largely in US economy
plantatons still used slaves
taxes (no taxation without representation)
1774
Goethe (German) revolutionizes literature with the romantic Sorrows of Young Werther
1765
James Watt (English) invents the first practical steam engine
1701
Jethro Tull (English) invents the seed drill, which revolutionizes farming
1690
John Locke (English) advences political philosophy with Two Treatises of Government
1689
The English Bill of Rights establishes constitutional monarchy in England
1688
England's Glorious Revolution deposes the country's last absolutist monarch, James II
Modeste Musorgsky
Time's Effect on the Material
Is it a matter of personal experience of change?
How has the passage of time changed the main theme?
Form is ABA (three part)
Frederic Chopin
MVT. 5 Dream of a Witches' Sabbath
Tells a story. Literally.
uses a theme to express feelings
The Idee fixe
a musical signature that is transformed during the course of the symphony according to the emotional state of the character
Hector Berlioz
Wagner kicked out of Germany for inflamatory Speeches
Verdi's name becomes an acronym for Italian liberation movement
Liszt's involvement in a half-communist, half-religious movement
Beethoven's Buonaparte Symphony
named the Eroica Symphony
2nd Republic (1848-52) followed by Napoleon III 2nd empire (1852-70)
1848
Marx and Engels published The Communist Manifesto
Revolutions across Europe
July Revolution of 1830
workers in Paris challenged the government [reaction to heavy, reactionary rule of Charles X]
Sparked violence in Germany, Italy, Spain., Portugal, Poland, and Belgium
Death, Suicide
The Supernatural
Nature
Nostalgia
the music takes a literary approach to musical expression
Their literary contemporaries excited about the new romantic music
first romantic composers began their careers in the mid 1820s
from roman (a novel or story)
the Father of Romanticism?
The noble savage and nature
Antidote to civilization?
Forms break down under the weight of feeling
Trends:
Shock of the Loud!
Thematic Unity and Transformation
Miniature Forms
Grandiose forms
Romantic Tempo
Rubato
Exoressive/Emotive qualiity
Flexible rhythm/tempo
Romantic Harmony
Wagner
Tristan and Isolde
chromaticism
use of all 12 tones of an octave
savored for its own sake
underpins the emotionality of melody
an adjective to the noun melody
Romantic Rhythm and phrases
more improvisatory feeling
irregular
Romantic Melody
Sustained climaxes
Wider Melody lines
Wider
Bigger Range
Larger Leaps
Emotionally Expressive and Effusive
But in music, the expression of emotion destroys form
Emotion is active and spontaneous
Form (or design) is static
The rule of feeling, unconstrained by concention, religion or social taboo, becomes the highest good
at the heart of the Romanticism
triving for a higher, ideal state, transcended through the exercise of the will and through passion
Everyday life seemed dull and meaningless to romantics
ERLKONIG
Subject: Death
Horse Gallop in Music
Poem by J.W. von Goethe
Our consciousness cannot achieve immortality, but we still seek it
immortality/legacy underlies motives
Neo-Classics: Music to create a concrete reality
MUSIC transcends Morality
Early Romantic Artist
Catch words
and a restless, endless search for a higher artistic experience through musical expression
the BOHEMIAN MUSICIAN was born
artistic freedom
revolt
individual style
19th Century Trends
Musical Forms exploited dramatic possibilities
Earlier Classicism
Simpler, more natural expression
Human Vsalues
Self-Expression
Importance of the Individual
Specific Works
What is Sonata Form?
Symphony in D minor, No. 9, Op. 125 (1818-1824)
4th Movement
Brilliant Choral and Orchestral Coda
Double Fugue
2 themes. Overlapping. Polyphony.
choral exposition w/ orchestra of Joy theme
Conversational Style of Piece
bass rectiative "friends, not these sounds"
return to tulultuous intro
Forms break down
proposal of joy theme
Fredrich Shiller
TEXT PAINTING
Ode to Joy
Education provides freedom
review and rejection of earlier movement themes
Brief introduction
Exposition...Development...Recapitulation
Recapitulation
review of the exposition
Development
Details and Change
Exposition
Themes, Bridges, Closings and cadences
Large, Diverse Opener
Symphony
Symphony in C minor, No. 5, Op. 67 (1807-08)
4th MVT: Happy "Sending Out"
Major Mode
Allegro
3rd MVT: Dance
Scherzo
2nd MVT: Soft/Calm
Andante
1st MVT: Attention Grabber
Allegro Con Brio
Major and Minor Struggle
Heethoven's Symphony No. 5 in C minor Allegro con brio
Death knocking at the door
Constant conflict between fate (death) and hope (liife)
Psychological and Emotional Journey
Psychological Progression (4 Act Narrative)
Motivic Consistency
Intensive rhythmic drive
9 total symphonies and 32 total sonatas
Late (1812-1827)
Musical Introspection
10000 attended Funeral
String Quartets
Personal Tragedies
Middle (1802-1812)
Dark and Stormy
Relates to Illness
As technology expends, so does the intricacy of music
HEroic Period/ Style
Moved positively by Napoleon
Eroica (Heroic) Symphony
napoleon seized power and lost Beethoven's respect
To celebrate the MEMORY of a great man
Bonaparte
Beethoven begins to become aware of deafness
1802 he admits his illness
Early (1792-1802)
New sounds and forms
Classicism expanded
Dedicated scores
patrons
more music due to $$$$
Student of Hayden
Worked in court system in Bahn
Mozart/Handel/Hayden/Bach
Ludwig van Beethoven's Options as a composer in Vienna (1792-1827)
Tone Poet
Wealthy Patrons
Art for Art's Sake Had to Be Funded
Pre-Classic and Classic
Composer was an artisan with a few new options (1750-1800)
NEW OPTIONS!
Opera Houses
Late Baroque
Composer as an Artisan (1700-1750)
Educators by necessity
Servants in courts and churches
Opera Buffa (Comic Opera)
Ensemble of voices added
Baroque Recitative and Aria still in use
Natural simplicity
The role of the Buffo (bass)
Contemporary Subjects
Don Giovanni (1787)
Keyboard Music
Rondo Form
A=refrain (like chorus in modern music)
Round
Cadenza: Improv
A, Bridge, B, A, Bridge, C, D, A, Bridge, B, Cadenza, A Coda
Improvisation
Party goers
improv on a central theme/cadence/chord progression
Virtuosity
Showing off skills
Flourishes (Demanding)
Scilence
Attention Grabber
Dramatic and Theatrical
Echo Effects
Memorability
Repetition of theme and ideas
Musical Phrases
All is structured around measures and bars
Music driven by oration (greek Rhetoric and drama)
short, concise, easy to hear (complete sentence)
Watch Amadeus movie for life story
1756-91
Classic
features
Form
New Structure
Texture
Clear, Obvious accompaniment. You hear each piece
Melody
clear, memorable melody (repetition of theme with variation)
Dynamics
more variety (piano made this possible)
Rhythm
more flexible, detailed. Constant Changes
music for the PEOPLE
pleasing variety
natural simplicity
clear melody
homophonic
Rococo
Frills and Ornaments
Polyphonic
Musical Fluff
Artificial
Refusal to acknowledge enlightenment
French Courts
Baroque
no clear ending
complex
polyphonic
layered
Highly Organized
Scientific Age
Music as Entertainment
Natural Simplicity
Easily Understood/Consumed
Consumerism increased freedom
Purchasing Power
Capitalism
Pleasing Variety
Public Concerts
Art and Music were intellectual
Now (1760's) public sphere opened to music
Increased and improved elution
Classical also took some of the intellectualism from music
People could appreciate maare intellectual music
social aspects like opera
Musical Consumerism
Public could purchase, learn to play, and perform music
instruments at home
Cosmopolitanism
the European world was getting smaller
languages adopted
barriers break down
Brotherhood
increased communication
The Pursuit of Happiness
Thomas Jefferson
Renaissance Man
Musician
Education
Humanism
Religion weakened
Religious freedom
musical freedom from church
Morality--abhorance of social injustice
Improved Education
Adopted home of great composers
Beethoven
Mozart
Haydn
Empress Maria Theresa and her son Emperor Joseph II
Enlightened Ruler
supported music
Encouraged free press
Improved education
Reduced power of the Church
Emancipated Peasants
Capital of Hapsburg Empire
Politics
Center of intellect (Austrian)
midpoint between two great musical traditions
Geography
Italy
Vivaldi, Opera
northern Germany
Bach/Handel
Pure Art
extravagant use of scales
No lessons
The Age of Enlightenment
