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Camera lenses

can exhibit different types of defects at certain focal lengths, f-stops, and focus distances.

Vignetting

causes the edges, especially the corners, of an image to be darker than the center.

Barrel distortion

causes straight lines to appear to bow outward.

Pincushion distortion

causes straight lines to appear to bend inward.

Chromatic aberration

is caused by the failure of the lens to focus different colors to the same spot.

Cropping

is the process of removing portions of an image to create focus or strengthen the composition.

Keystone distortion

occurs when an object is photographed from an angle rather than from a straight-on view.

The Image Rotation

commands let you rotate or flip an entire image.

A histogram

illustrates how pixels in an image are distributed by graphing the number of pixels at each color intensity level.

Levels adjustment

corrects the tonal range and color balance of an image by adjusting intensity levels of image shadows, midtones, and highlights.

The Curves adjustment

lets you adjust points throughout the tonal range of an image (from shadows to highlights).