Cell division & Mendelian Genetics & Genetic Inheritance &Molecular genetics

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Cell division & Mendelian Genetics & Genetic Inheritance &Molecular genetics

DNA

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

• Right-handed fashion

Antiparallel strands

double helix

Chargaff’s rules

A=T, C=G

The base composition of DNA varies between species

dictates life in two manners

controls the production of proteins

transfers hereditary information from generation to generation

the complex chemical

Genetics

Sex Chromosomes

Haplo-diploid system

Z-W system

X-O system

X-Y system

Linked Genes

Pedigree Analysis

Family tree

Inheritance patterns

interrelationships of parents and children across generations

Non-mendelian inheritance

Codominance

Incomplete dominance

Probability and Genetics

Rule of addition

Chance that an event can occur 2 or more different ways

– probability of Bb x Bb -> Bb

– sum of the separate probabilities

Rule of multiplication

Chance that 2 or more independent events will occur together

– probability of Pp x Pp -> pp

Mendel’s Law of Segregation

Different pairs of alleles assort independently

Two alleles of the same gene segregate equally

test-cross

breeding the mystery individual with a homozygous recessive individual

Dominant phenotype couldbe either homozygous dominant or heterozygous

To test the equal gamete formation in F1

Gregor Johann Mendel

Mendel’s Principles

Members of one gene pair segregate independently from other gene pairs during gamete formation

genes become separated in gamete formation

Experimented with pea plantsfor 8 year

The ratio of two classes of progeny was 3 : 1

In F 2, the missing trait reappears in ¼ of the progeny

F 1 progeny resembles one of the parents

RNA

There are three kinds of RNA

Ribosomal RNA

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Ribose

Uracil

Ribonucleotides

Chromosomes

Bacterial Chromosome

Plasmids help bacteria to survive stress

pick up new plasmids or lose them

smaller circular DNA molecules

not bound with proteins

located in the cytoplasm

single circular chromosome

Double-stranded DNA

Human

46 per cell

23 pairs of chromosomes

Cell division

Eukaryotes

Meiotic cell division

Stage of Meiosis

telophase II,

the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles

Subtopic

anaphase II

the sister chromatids separate.

metaphase II

the sister chromatids are arranged at the metaphase plate

Meiosis II

is very similar to mitosis

telophase I

anaphase I

One chromosome of each pair moves toward opposite poles, guided by the spindle apparatus.

metaphase I

pairs of homologs line up at the metaphase plate, with one chromosome facing each pole.

prophase I

chromosome pairs with its homolog (synapsis) and crossing over occurs

Objectives

To produce reproductive cells

. Sexual life cycle

Mitotic cell division

Cells that can undergo mitotic cell division include

Shoot and root apical meristems of plant tissue

Epithelial cells, Bone marrow of animal tissues

Mitosis and cytokinesis

Cytokinesis occurs during telophase

In plant cells, a cell plate forms during cytokinesis

In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by a process known as cleavage, forming a cleavage furrow

Mitosis

Telophase

Anaphase

Metaphase

Prometaphase

Prophase

Interphase

Chromosomes are duplicated only during the S phase.

The cell grows during all three phases

- Can be divided into 3 phases

G2 phase

S phase

G1 phase

~90% of the cell cycle

Prokaryotes

Binary fission

Chromosome

Eukaryotic cell

consist of chromatin

Linear chromosome

Prokaryotic cell

Not associated with proteins

Circular chromosome