类别 全部 - bases - genetics - rna - dna

作者:Allister Braganza 3 年以前

197

SBI 4U

The text delves into the foundational aspects of molecular genetics, focusing on nucleic acids, specifically RNA and DNA. RNA is characterized by the presence of oxygen on carbon 2, its single-stranded structure, and its roles in regulating gene expression and protein synthesis.

SBI 4U

SBI 4U

MOLECULAR GENETICS

GENETIC TECHNOLOGIES
GENETIC ENGINEERING

TRANSFORMATIONS

HOW TO KNOW THAT TRANSFORMATION OCCURED?

BACTERIA WITHOUT ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT

NOT SURVIVE

BACTERIA WITH ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT

SURVIVES

STEPS

HEAT SHOCKING

CAUSES A DRAFT

SWEEPS THE ENGINEERED PLASMID

IN COOLED SOLUTION OF CALCIUM

CA+ INTERACTS WITH NEGATIVE CHARGE PHOSPHATE ON CELL MEMBRANE

FOREIGN AND PLASMID DNA

ANNEAL

WITH ANITBIOTIC RESISTANCE

SAME RESTRICTION ENZYME CUTS PLASMID

RESTRICTION ENZYME CUTS GENE

REQUIRE PLASMIDS

SPEED UP GROWTH RATE

IMPROVE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FOODS

MASS PRODUCTION OF INSULIN

FROST/DROUGHT RESISTANT

CROPS PEST RESISTANT

MANIPULATION OF ORGANISMS DNA

DNA FINGERPRINTING

CAUTION

DOES NOT PROVE GUILT

USES

IDENTIFICATION

TEST PATERNITY

SOLVE CRIMES

GEL ELECTROPHORESIS

SHOWS BANDING PATTERN

ETHIDIUM BROMIDE

FLUORESCENT IMAGE

UV LIGHT

DNA FRAGMENTS

ELECTRODES AND WIRES

DNA FRAGMENTS MOVE FROM CATHODE TO ANODE

ANODE

NEGATIVE CHARGE OF PHOSPHATE IN DNA

CATHODE

WELLS

LOADING DNA FRAGMENTS

AGAROSE GEL

POROUS

DNA MANEUVER

ELECTROPHORESIS CHAMBER

VARIABLE NUMBER TANDEM REPEATS

SAME FRAGMENTS SIZE

TWINS

DIFFER BY:

SIZE OF FRAGMENTS

NUMBER OF FRAGMENTS

NONCODING REGION

CODING REGION

DNA EXTRACTION

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTIONS

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH

CYCLE REPEAT

DNA POLYMERASE

Taq POLYMERASE

Thermus acquaticus

EXTEND THE PRIMERS

ANNEALING

COOL

PRIMERS ADDED

DENATURING

HEAT DNA STRAND

SINGLE STRAND

PLASMID MAPPING
RESTRICTION ENZYMES

PRODUCES

STICKY ENDS

USEFUL

RECOMBINANT DNA

GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS

UNEQUAL NUMBER OF BASES

BLUNT ENDS

EQUAL NUMBER OF BASES

NAMES

HaeIII

HhaI

AluI

SmaI

BamHI

EcoRI

I FROM FIRST E.COLI

R STRAIN OF E.COLI BACTERIA

ORIGINATE FROM BACTERIA

DNA SCISSORS

PALINDROME GENE SEQUENCE

CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSIONS
OPERONS

TRP OPERON

REPRESSOR MOLECULE

REPRESSIBLE SYSTEM

TRYPTOPHAN

trpR

REPRESSOR PROTEIN

TO PRODUCE TRYPTOPHAN

LAC OPERON

INDUCER MOLECULE

INDUCIBLE SYSTEM

LACTOSE

GENES

LACA

TRANSACETYLASE

LACY

PERMEASE

LACZ

BETA GALACTOSIDASE

PROMOTER

OPERATOR

REPRESSOR

REGULATORY GENE

LACI

REGULATORY PROTEIN

HOUSEKEEPING GENES
MUTATION
CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS

INVERSION

DUPLICATION

TRANSLOCATION

DELETION

POINT MUTATIONS

FRAME SHIFT MUTATIONS

NONSENSE MUTATIONS

MISSENSE MUTATIONS

SILENT MUTATIONS

MUTAGENS

RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS

VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPONENTS

CARCINOGENS

TRANSLATION

TRNASLATION

STOP CODON

START CODON

RELEASE FACTOR

tRNA

AMINO ACID CARRIER

ANTICODON REGION

RIBOSOMAL SUB UNIT

A SITE

ACCEPTOR OF tRNA

P SITE

GROWING POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN

E SITE

EXIT

mRNA

TRANSCRIPTION

POST TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATIONS

SPLICING

ONE GENE ONE ENZYME

JOINING OF EXONS

REMOVAL OF INTRONS

ADDITION OF POLY A TAIL

ADDITION OF 5' CAP

TERMINATION

RNA POLYMERASE ENDS AT TERMINATION SEQUENCE

ELONGATION

RNA POLYMERASE READS DNA STRAND

INITIATION

RNA POLYMERASE

PROMOTER REGION

CENTRAL DOGMA
KEY PLAYERS

RIBOSOMES

RIBOSOMAL RNA

TRANSFER RNA

MESSENGER RNA

DNA REPLCATION
PROCESS OF DNA REPLICATION

DNA REPAIR

PROOFREAD

DNA POLYMERASE I & III

ACT AS NUCLEASE

ADD THE CORRECT NUCLEOTIDE

CUT OUT INCORRECT NUCLEOTIDE

BUILDING COMPLIMENTARY STRANDS

LEADING STRAND

TOWARD REPLICATION FORK

CONTINUOUSLY

LAGGING STRAND

AWAY FROM REPLICATION FORK

DISCONTINUOUSLY

DNA LIGASE

DNA POLYMERASE I

OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS

DNA POLYMERASE III

PRIMASE

UNWINDING DNA

TOPOISOMERASE

SINGLE STRANDED BINDING PROTEINS

HELICASES

REPLICATION BUBBLE

HOW IS DNA REPLICATED

DISPERSIVE

CONSERVATIVE

SEMICONSERVATIVE

SCIENTISTS AND THEIR EXPERIMENTS
WILKINS AND FRANKLIN

USED X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

HELICAL STRUCTURE

SHAPE OF DNA

ERWIN CHARGAFF

CHARGAFF'S RULE

AMOUNT OF THYMINE IS EQUAL TO AMOUNT OF ADENINE

AMOUNT OF GUANINE IS EQUAL TO AMOUNT OF CYTOSINE

WATSON AND CRICK

MODEL OF DNA

HERSHEY AND CHASE

IF DNA OR PROTEIN IS THE GENETIC MATERIAL

DNA IS THE GENETIC MATERIAL

USED E.COLI

USING A CENTRIFUGE

NO PROTEIN COAT IN BACTERIOPAGE

DNA IN BACTERIOPHAGE

LABELLED PROTEIN COAT

RADIOACTIVE SULFUR

LABELLED DNA

RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHORUS

USED A BACTERIOPHAGE

AVERY, MCLEOD AND MCCARTY

DNA IS THE TRANSFORMING AGENT

ADDED ENZYMES DESTROYING

ADDED HEAT KILLED SMOOTH AND ROUGH BACTERIA

5 TESTUBES

CONFIRMED GRIFFITH'S EXPERIMENT

FREDERICK GRIFFITH

CONCLUSION

A CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE FROM ONE CELL IS GENETICALLY TRANSFORMING ANOTHER CELL

METHOD

MIX HEAT KILLED SMOOTH AND LIVING ROUGH

HEAT KILLED SMOOTH

LIVING ROUGH

MOUSE LIVED

LIVING SMOOTH

MOUSE DIED

HYPOTHESIS

MATERIAL IN DEAD BACTERIAL CELL CAN TRANSFORM LIVING BACTERIAL CELLS

PNEUMONIA

2 TYPES

ROUGH COLONIES

SMOOTH COLONIES

MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE
GENE

COMPLETE SET OF INSTRUCTIONS

FORMS OF A GENE

ALLELE

46 DNA MOLECULES

NUCLEIC ACIDS

ANTI PARALLEL DIRECTION

OXYGEN PRESENT ON CARBON 2

MOSTLY FOUND IN CYTOPLASM

LESS PRONE TO UV DAMAGE

INVOLED

CODING

REGULATE GENE EXPRESSION

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

SINGLE STRANDED

SMALLER THAN DNA

NUCLEOTIDE

URACIL

RIBOSE SUGAR

CARRIES GENETIC INFORMATION

REPRODUCTION

FUNCTIONING

DEVELOPMENT

FOUND IN NUCLEUS

COILED DNA

SUPER COILED

CHROMOSOMES

CHROMATID

SEPARATE DURING ANAPHASE

LOOSELY

LOOSELY COILED DNA

CHROMATIN

WRAPPED AROUND HISTONES

DISTANCE

ONE COMPLETE TWIST

10 BASES IN ONE TWIST

3.4 NANOMETER

BETWEEN 2 STEPS

0.34 NANAOMETER

BETWEEN 2 STRANDS

2 NANOMETER

DOUBLE STRANDED

ANTI PARALLEL ORIENTATION

5' TO 3' DIRECTION

ATOMS

PHOSPHORUS

CARBON

NITROGEN

NO OXYGEN ON CARBON 2

2 HYDROGEN BONDS

3 HYDROGEN BONDS

PHOSPHODIESTER BONDS

NITROGENOUS BASES

SINGLE RINGS

CYTOSINE

THYMINE

DOUBLE RINGS

GUANINE

PENTOSE SUGAR

HOMEOSTASIS

NERVOUS SYSTEM
REFLEX ARC
BRAIN MATTER
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

REGULATES INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

CONSERVE ENERGY

STIMULATES BODY ACTIVITIES

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

PREPARES BODY FOR ACTION

INCREASE ENERGY CONSUMPTION

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

CARRY SIGNALS TO SKELETAL MUSCLES

MADE UP OF MOTOR NEURONS

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

SPINAL CORD

BRAIN

GLIAL CELLS

DO NOT CONDUCT ELECTRICAL IMPULSE

NEURONS

TYPES OF NEURONS

INTERNEURON

MOTOR

SENSORY

NODE OF RANVIER

MYELIN SHEATH

SCHWANN CELLS

SOMA

AXON

DENDRITES

URINARY SYSTEM
HORMONAL CONTROL OF WATER BALANCE

EFFECT OF CAFFEINE OR ALCOHOL

CAFFEINE OR ALCOHOL

CALLED DIURETICS

MORE URINE PRODUCTION

INHIBIT RELEASE OF ADH

LESS PERMEABLE TO WATER

WALLS OF COLLECTING DUCTS

WALLS OF DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

ANTI DIURETIC HORMONE

WHEN WATER LEVEL IS LOW

HYPOTHALAMUS DIRECTS POSTERIOR PITUITARY TO RELEASE ADH

ADH MAKES WALLS OF COLLECTING DUCT PERMEABLE TO WATER

STORED IN POSTERIOR PITUITARY

PRODUCED BY HYPOTHALAMUS

ALDOSTERONE

STIMULATES HUNGER

INCREASE

POTASSIUM SECRETION

SODIUM REABSORPTION

RELEASE WHEN

LOW LEVEL OF SODIUM

HIGH LEVEL OF POTASSIUM IN BLOOD

PRODUCED BY ADRENAL CORTEX

URINE FORMATION

SECRETION

COLLECTING DUCTS

HYDROGEN IONS

ANTIBIOTICS

DRUGS

REABSORPTION

KIDNEY TISSUES

ATP FOR ACTIVE TRANSPORT

ASCENDING LOOP

SALTS

DESCENDING LOOP

AQUAPORINS

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

H2O

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

CALCIUM

FILTRATION

FILTRATE

POTASSIUM

CHLORINE

SODIUM

UREA

PROTEIN METABOLISM

WATER

GLOMERULUS

DIAMETER DIFFERENCE

PRESSURE

EFFERENT ARTERIOLE

AFFERENT ARTERIOLE

NEPHRONS

BLOOD CAPILLARIES

COLLECTING DUCT

DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

LOOP OF HENLE

PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

BOWMAN'S CAPSULE

GLOMERULS

KIDNEYS

RENAL MEDULLA

RENAL PELVIS

RENAL VEIN

RENAL ARTERY

RENAL CORTEX

HORMONES THAT AFFECT BLOOD SUGAR
DIABETES

GESTATIONAL

TEMPORARY IN PREGNANT WOMEN

TYPE 2

TARGET CELLS DO NO RESPOND OR DECREASED LEVELS OF INSULIN

TYPE 1

BETA CELLS DESTROYED BY BODY

SYMPTOMS

EXCESSIVE THIRST

FREQUENT URINATION

GLUCOSE IN URINE

ISLETS OF LANGERHANS

BETA CELLS

DECREASES BLOOD SUGAR

ALPHA CELLS

GLUCAGON

INCREASES BLOOD SUGAR

HORMONES REGULATING BLOOD SUGAR

RELEASE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

HORMONES THAT AFFECT METABOLISM

ADRENAL CORTEX

CORTISOLS

LONG TERM STRESS RESPONSE

INCREASED BLOOD SUGAR

SUPPRESSION OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

WATER AND SODIUM RETENTION IN KIDNEYS

ADRENAL MEDULLA

EPHINEPRINE

SHORT TERM STRESS RESPONSE

INCREASED METABOLIC RATE

INCREASED HEART RATE

INCREASES BLOOD PRESSURE

PARATHYROID

PTH

OVERPRODUCTION

OSTEOPOROSIS

UNDERPRODUCTION

DISTURBS NERVE AND MUSCLE FUNCTION

CONTROLS CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE LEVELS IN BLOOD

THYROID

DISORDERS

GOITER

HYPERTHYROIDISM

DIFFICULTY SLEEPING

SOFT NAILS

RAPID HEARTBEAT

BULGING EYES

HAIR LOSS

HYPOTHYROIDISM

FATIGUE

SLOW HEARTBEAT

BRITTLE NAILS

PUFFY FACE

DRY HAIR

CALCITONIN

LOWERS CA+ CONCENTRATION IN BLOOD

THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE

THYROID RELEASING HORMONE

TRIIODOTHYRONINE

3 IODINE ATOMS

THYROXINE

4 IODINE ATOMS

POSTERIOR LOBE

DIRECT CONNECTION TO HYPOTHALAMUS

STORES HORMONES

VASOPRESSIN

OXYTOCIN

ANTERIOR LOBE

PRODUCES ITS OWN

PROLACTIN

ACTH

TSH

BASE OF HYPOTHALAMUS
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
HORMONES

TARGET CELLS

SECRETING CELLS

TYPES OF HORMONES

PROTEIN HORMONES

CAN'T PASS THROUGH CELL MEMBRANE

GH

LH

FSH

ADH

INSULIN

MADE FROM AMINO ACIDS

STEROID HORMONES

PASS THROUGH CELL MEMBRANE

PROGESTERONE

ESTROGEN

MADE FROM LIPIDS

RECEPTORS

HOW THEY TRAVEL

THROUGH THE BLOODSTREAM

GLANDS

OVARIES

TESTES

PANCREAS

ADRENAL GLANDS

THYMUS

THYROID GLAND

PINEAL GLAND

PITUITARY GLAND

INTRO TO HOMEOSTASIS
THERMOREGULATION

ENDOTHERMS

MAINTAIN INTERNAL BODY TEMPERATURE

ECTOTHERMS

DEPENDENT OF OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE

HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL SYSTEM

FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEM

POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM

COMPONENTS

RESPONSE

EFFECTOR

INTEGRATOR

SENSOR

STIMULUS

BIOCHEMISTRY

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

INTEGRAL

PERIPHERAL

FLUIDITY

FATTY ACID TAIL LENGTH

CHOLESTROL

DOUBLE BONDS

CELL MEMBRANE

NEUTRAL LIPID

GLYCOLIPID

PHOSPHOLIPID

CELL TRANSPORT
PASSIVE

FACILITATED

OSMOSIS

ENDOCYTOSIS
EXOCYTOSIS
ISOTONIC
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
HYPERTONIC
HYPOTONIC
ACTIVE

BULK

ENZYMES
INDUCED FIT
LOCK AND KEY
CATALYST
FACTORS THAT AFFECT ACTIVITY

REGULATION

ALLOSTERIC

NON-COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR

COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR

COFACTORS/COENZYMES

ENVIRONMENT

pH

TEMPERATURE

NUCLEIC ACID
HYDROGEN BONDS
DNA

DOUBLE NUCLEOTIDE

RNA

SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE

NUCLEOTIDES

PHOSPHATE GROUP

PYRIMIDINES

PURINES

PENTOSE SUGARS

NITROGEN BASES

PROTEINS
STRUCTURE

QUATERNARY

TERTIARY

SECONDARY

PRIMARY

DENATURATION
RENATURATION
PEPTIDE BOND

POLYPEPTIDE

AMINO ACIDS

ELECTRICALLY CHARGED

LIPIDS
FATTY ACIDS

TYPES

WAXES

STEROLS/STEROIDS

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

TRIGLYCERIDES

DEGREE OF SATURATION

HYDROGENATION

SATURATION

ORIENTATION OF HYDROGEN AROUND DOUBLE BONDS

LOCATION OF DOUBLE BOND

LENGTH OF CARBON CHAIN

CARBOHYDRATES

KETONE

ALDEHYDE

SIMPLE

DISACCHARIDES

MONOSACCHARIDES

COMPLEX

GLYCOCIDIC BONDS

BETA

ALPHA

POLYSACCHARIDES

CHITIN

GLYCOGEN

CELLULOSE

STARCH

DIETARY FIBER

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
HYDROCARBONS
AMINO ACID
PHOSPHATE
CARBONYL
SULFHYDRYL
HYDROXYL
CHEMISTRY STRUCTURES

SKELETAL

STRUCTURAL

MOLECULAR

CARBON CHEMISTRY

SYNTHETIC

BIOCHEMICAL REACTION
CHEMICAL REACTIONS

NEUTRALIZATION

CONDENSATION

MACROMOLECULES

POLYMERS

MONOMERS

CHEMISTRY FUNDAMENTALS
REACTIONS

REDOX

OXIDATION

DIAGRAMS

LEWIS

BOHR-RUTHERFORD

STANDARD

ELECTRONEGATIVITY
ATOMIC NUMBER
CHEMICAL BONDS

INTERMOLECULAR BONDS

VAN DER WAALS

DISPERSION FORCES

DIPOLE-DIPOLE INTERACTIONS

HYDROGEN

IONIC

INTRAMOLECULAR BONDS

COVALENT

NONPOLAR

POLAR

ISOTOPES

HARMFUL/HELPFUL

HALF LIFE

RADIOISOTOPES

RADIOACTIVE TRACERS

NUCLEAR MEDICINE

COMPOUNDS

INORGANIC

ORGANIC

ELEMENTS

METABOLIC PROCESSES

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

REGENERATION

ATP & G3P

REDUCTION

G3P

PGAP

CARBON FIXATION

PGA

RuBP

LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS

NON-CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

PROTONS

PHOTOSYSTEM II

Z-ENZYME

PRIMARY ELECTRON ACCEPTOR

PHOTOSYSTEM I

FERREDOXIN

CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION

CALVIN CYCLE

LIGHT REACTIONS

NADPH & H+

CHLOROPLASTS

INNER/OUTER MEMBRANE

GRANUM

LUMEN

STROMA

THYLAKOIDS

LEAF STRUCTURE

WAX CUTICLE

GUARD CELLS

STOMA

EPIDERMIS

MESOPHYLL

AUTOTROPHS

LIGHT AND PIGMENTS

PHOTOSYSTEMS

P680

P700

REACTION CENTRE

CHLOROPHYLL A & B

PIGMENTS

CAROTENOIDS

CHLOROPHYLL

LIGHT

PHOTONS

ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

RADIANT ENERGY

CELLULAR RESPIRATION
ANAEROBIC

ACETYLALDEHYDE

ETHANOL

LACTIC

GLUCOSE

PURUVATE

LACTATE

32

HOW?

ATP SYNTHASE

ADP PHOSPHORIZED

ATP FORMED

H+ FLOWS BACK INTO MATRIX

PROTON PUMP

H+ TRANSPORTED TO INTERMEMBRANE SPACE

CREATES pH/ELECTRIC GRADIENT

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

OXYGEN

FORMS H2O

WITH H+

FINAL OXIDIZING AGENT

NADH/FADH2 OXIDIZED

GET ATP FROM NADH/FADH2

1

3

MAKE

FADH2

MATRIX

OUTPUT

CARBON DIOXIDE

INPUT

CoA

NAD+

ACETYL CoA

PRODUCTS

4

NADH

PYRUVATE

2

GOAL

BREAKDOWN GLUCOSE

LOCATION

CYTOSOL (CYTOPLASM)

PATHWAYS

FERMENTATION

LACTIC ACID

ALCOHOL

PYRUVATE OXIDATION

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

KREBS CYCLE

GLYCOLYSIS

MITOCHONDRIA

INTERMEMBRANE SPACE

H+ CONCENTRATION

INNER MEMBRANE

CHEMIOSMOSIS

FOLDS

CRISTAE

OUTER MEMBRANE

METABOLISM
CONTROLLED OXIDATION

ENERGY TRANSFERRED

CARRIER MOLECULES

SMALL ACTIVATION ENERGY

LOWERED BY ENZYMES

OVERCOME BY BODY TEMPERATURE

RAPID COMBUSTION

FREE ENERGY AS THERMAL ENERGY

LARGE ACTIVATION ENERGY

ENZYMES AND ACTIVATION ENERGY

CHARACTERISTICS

DO NOT

MAKE AN ENDERGONIC REACTION PROCEED SPONTANEOUSLY

SUPPLY FREE ENERGY TO REACTION

ALTER PRODUCTS OF REACTIONS

DO'S

INCREASES RATE OF SPONTANEOUS REACTION

LOWER ACTIVATION ENERGY

ATP

UNIVERSAL ENERGY CURRENCY

SYNTHESIS

ATP SYNTHESIS FROM ADP AND P

ENDERGONIC

ENERGY COUPLING

PHOSPHORYLATION

HYDROLYSIS

ATP EASILY BROKEN DOWN BY CATALYZED REACTION WITH H2O.

EXERGONIC

REPULSION OF NEGATIVE CHARGED PHOSPHATE BONDS

CONSISTS OF:

CHAIN OF THREE PHOSPHATE GROUPS

RIBOSE

ADENINE

SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

COUPLED REACTIONS

ANABOLIC REACTIONS

CATABOLIC PATHWAY

GIBBS FREE ENERGY

ENDERGONIC REACTIO

POSITIVE FREE ENERGY

EXERGONIC REACTION

NEGATIVE FREE ENERGY

CHANGES

NON-SPONTANEOUS

SPONTANEOUS

ENTROPHY

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

BOND ENERGIES

TYPES OF REACTIONS

ENDOTHERMIC

ENERGY SHOULD BE GIVEN TO THE SYSTEM

ENTHALPY CHANGE IS A POSITIVE VALUE

ENTHALPY OF REACTANTS IS LOWER THAN THE PRODUCTS

TEMPERATURE DECREASE WITH REACTION PROGRESS

ABSORB HEAT FROM THE SURROUNDINGS

EXOTHERMIC

ENERGY IS RELEASED FROM THE SYSTEM

ENTHALPY CHANGE IS A NEGATIVE VALUE

ENTHALPY OF REACTANTS IS HIGHER THAN THE PRODUCTS

TEMPERATURE INCREASE WITH REACTION PROGRESS

RELEASE HEAT ENERGY TO THE SURROUNDINGS

TRANSITION STATE

PRODUCT BONDS FORMED

REACTANT BONDS BREAK

ACTIVATION ENERGY

ENERGY CHANGES DURING CHEMICAL REACTIONS

ENERGY AND CHEMICAL BONDS

ENERGY

POTENTIAL ENERGY

KINETIC ENERGY