作者：Shubh Patel 8 小時以前
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Eliminates waste, regulates fluid and electrolyte balance, controls pH.
Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, eliminates waste.
Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide, maintains blood pH balance.
Defends against infection, maintains fluid balance, absorbs fats.
Circulates blood, nutrients, oxygen, and removes waste
Controls body activities, processes sensory information, plans responses
Allows movement, maintains posture, generates body heat.
Provides structure, protects organs, stores minerals, allows movement.
Protects body, controls temperature
facilitates reproduction, supports fetal development.
Regulates metabolism, growth, and mood through hormones.
Humans
Reflection & Refraction
Concave and Convex lenses
SALT
Technical application of lenses and mirrors
The human eye
Convex lenses
Cameras, glasses, telescopes
Type of image
Location
Attitude
Size
Mirrors/lenses
Real images
Light rays actually meet at that point
In Convex lenses, light converges at the focal point to create real images
Virtual images
Light rays only appear to come to that point
In concave lenses, light converges at the focal point to create virtual images
Types of reflections
Diffuse Reflection
All rays are rays are moving in different directions
Specular Reflection
All rays are parallel
Refraction
The bending or change in direction of light when it travels from one substance to another
Index of Refraction
Light moves from a faster substance to a slower substance, the light will bend towards the normal and if the light moves from a slower substance to a faster substance, the light will bend away from the normal
Laws of reflection
Angle of Incidence = Angle of Reflection
Convex mirrors
Virtual, smaller Images
Divergence rays
Concave mirrors
Real or Virtual images
Focus point
Plane mirrors
Virtual Images
Light and matter interaction
Transmission
Reflection
Light Rays interact in specific ways
Opaque Object
Light rays are reflected
Shadows
Penumbra
The partial shadow part where light rays from a non point source are party blocked
Umbra
Dark areas where all light rays from a source no matter how small or far are blocked
Dark areas where an object blocks direct light rays from a light source
Object far to the source = smaller shadow
Object near to the source = bigger shadow
Translucent Object
Light rays are transmitted and reflected
Transparent Object
Light rays are transmitted
Absoption
This diagram shows how light rays travel in a straight line away from a light source in every direction
When light strikes an object, some waves are reflected and some are absorbed
Coloured matter absorbs different wavelength of light
The absorbed colours "subtracted" from the reflect light
White like is composed of different colours of light
Violet
Blue
Green
Yellow
Orange
Red
Subatomic Particles
Neutrons
A subatomic particle with a neutral charge
Electrons
A subatomic particle with a negative charge
Protons
A subatomic particle with a positive charge
Periodic Table
Element Properties
Metaloids
Nonmetals
Metals
Groups
Noble Gases
Halogens
Alkaline Earth Metals
Alkali Metals
Bohr Diagrams
Chemical Reactions
Neutralization
Acids + base→Salt + Water
Ionic Compounds & Naming
Molecular Compounds & Naming
Counting Atoms
Rules of Counting Atoms
4. A coefficient is a number written in front of a chemical symbol and indicates the number of atoms of that element. A coefficient can also be written in front of a chemical formula to indicate the number of molecules of that compound
3 CO2=9 atoms-Carbon-1x3=3 Oxygen-2x3=6
3. A subscript outside a bracket multiplies all the elements inside the brackets
Mg3(PO4)2=13 atoms -Magnesium-3 Phosphorus-2 Oxygen-8
2. A subscript is a number written at the lower right corner after the symbol of an element. If there is more than one atom of the element, then a subscript is used to indicate the number of atoms of that element
H2SO4=7 atoms - Hydrogen-2 Sulfur-1 Oxygen-4
1. The symbol of an element represents one atom of that element
NaCl= 2 atoms - Sodium-1 Chlorine-1
Law of Conservation Mass
Word equations
Acids & Bases
Usually ends with "OH" or "CO3"
ionic compounds
Metal oxides
Slippery like soap
Bitter like tonic water
A substance that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
Acids
Usually begins with "H"
Molecular compounds
Non-metal oxides
Good conductors of electricity
Like water
Sour such as lemons, vinegar
A substance that produces hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
Just like chemical equations only the elements in word form
Matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
Polyatomic Ions
Transition Metals
Examples
Tempature Change
Gas Production
Color Change
Combustion
When all substances in a compound are combined with oxygen
Double Displacement
AB + CD → AD + CB
Single Displacement
A + BC → AC + B
Decompostion
AB → A + B
Synthesis
A + B →AB
Gas
Solid
Liquid
Animal Cells 🐻
Mitochondria 🦠
Power house of the cell
Plant Cells 🌱
Chloroplasts
Produce energy from photosynthesis
Cell Walls
Provides structural strength
The Cell Cycle
Specialised Cells
Tissues
Hierarchy of organization
Interdependent organs
Medical Imaging Technologies
X-Rays
Uses radiation to capture images of bones and organs.
PET-Scan
Detects radioactive tracers to observe metabolic activity in tissues.
Ultrasound
Uses sound waves to produce images of soft tissues and organs.
CT-Scan
Combines X-ray images for detailed cross-sectional views of the body.
Medical Resonance Imaging
Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed body images.
Interdependent organs work together to maintain body functions
Skeletal and muscular system
Muscles move bones for body movement and posture.
Lungs and diaphragm
Diaphragm controls lung expansion for breathing and oxygen intake.
Endocrine and reproductive system
Hormones from endocrine glands regulate reproduction and development.
Skin and circulatory system
Skin regulates temperature, circulatory system delivers nutrients to skin.
Eye and brain
Eyes collect visual information, brain processes and interprets it.
Pancreas and small intestine
Pancreas secretes enzymes to aid digestion in small intestine.
Liver and Digestive system
Liver processes nutrients from food for digestion and absorption.
Kidneys and Bladder
Kidneys filter waste, bladder stores urine for excretion.
Brain and Muscles
Brain sends signals to muscles for movement and coordination
Heart and Lungs
Heart pumps blood, lung help for circulation.
Plant cells
Meristematic
Ground
Epidermal
Vascular
Animal tissues 🐻
Muscle 💪
Moves the body or organ by contracting
Connective
Strengthens, supports and protects other tissues.
Epithelial
Lines the outer surface of internal organs
Plant Specialsed Cells 🌱
Phloem
Responsible for transporting sugar
Xlyem Cells
Responsible for transporting water and dissolved minerals
Animal specialsed cells 🐻
White Blood Cells ⚪
A cell that protects you from diseases.
Red Blood Cells 🔴
Carries oxygen through the blood
Muscle Cells 💪
Contracts allowing bones to move.
Stem Cells
Embryonic cells
Cancer
Mitosis
Telophase
Nuclear membrane reform to form new nuclei
Anaphase
The sister chromatids are pulled a part by the spindle fibers.
Metaphase
The chromosomes become complletely condensed
Prophase
First part of mitosis where the nuclear membran dissolves and disappears
