interactions in the physical environment

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Classifying Igneous Rocks

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Three main types of rocks

af Ella Clouthier

Igneous rocks

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GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE

af Esteban Jaramillo

Glacial hill or ridge deposit along the line that marks the end (Terminus) of a glaciers forward movement

Drumlin

Metamorphic Rock

A large sheet or shelf of ice that extends into an ocean. Shelf is attached to land or glacier

Terminal Moraine

Igneous Rock

A large sheet of free floating ice, usually flat on its top side

Striations

A large boulder that was picked up by a glacier and moved away from original area

Ice Shelf

A mounded glacial deposit at the bottom of the side of a valley

Melting

Sedimentary Rock

Oval shaped hill made from glacial deposits. Looks like half an egg laid on a flat surface, from the side

Ice Cave

Weathering and Erosion

Magma

A cave Formed by ice when glacial ice melts

Sediment

Erratic

Grooves in rocks made by passing glaciers

Ice floe

Lateral Moraine

Compacting and Cementing

Cooling

Heat and Pressure

Interactions in the physical environment

Rock Cycle

Rock Types

Igneous

Ex. basalt and obsidian

Can see - Tiny holes/spaces, gas bubbles, glasslike surface

Formed from - Magma cooling and hardening

Ex. gneiss and marble

Can see - Ribbon like layers. May have shiny crystals

Formed from - heat and pressure underground

Ex. conglomerate and limestone

Can see - sand, pebbles, and stones. Contains fossils

Formed from - sand, shells, other fragments of material

Landform Region

7 Regions in Canada

Hudson Bay - Artic Lowlands

Lots of Forest, Swampy

Mining

Low, Swampy, Forest, Rolling Landscape

Sand, Silt, and Clay Which Came at The End of The Ice Age and Formed Rock Which Created The Land

Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Lowlands

Flat Land, Rivers

Farming, 50% of Canada's Population Lives Here

Rolling Hills, Flat Plains, Deep River Valleys

erosion from Canadian shield bringing in sediments to the area. and glaciers carried sand, gravel, soil to the area

Interior Plains

Flat

Human Activity

Farming, Transportation, Fishing, Boating, Hiking, Skiing

Flat, Rolling Hills, Wide River Valleys

Formed By

Rocks under Canadian shield getting damaged

Innuitian Mountains

Snowy, Icy, Extremely Cold

Remote (No Human Activity)

Mountainous Measuring 2500 M, Bumpy, Barren (No Trees/Vegetation) - Because its to Cold

North American Plate Moving Forward

Appalachian Mountains

Eroded (Slowly Damaged Rock or Land

Boating, Fishing, Farming

Sedimentary

Rounded, Large Hills, Long Bays, Deep Harbors, Many Wide Valleys

Layers of Sedimentary Rock Uplifting and Folding After North American Plate Collided with European and North African Plate

Canadian Shield

Nature

Mining, Farming, Fishing, Camping

Rock Type

Metamorphic

Rounded Hills of Rock

Magma and Molten Rock Rose to Surface as Volcano

Western Cordillera

Descriptive Words

Glaciers, Inlet (Narrow area of water)

Human Activities

Farming, Mining, Whale Watching, Tourism

Mostly Sedimentary

Landforms

Coast Mountains, Interior Plateau, eastern mountains

Formed by

North American Plate Collision With Pacific Plate

Glaciation

What Force Turns Fallen Snow to Ice

Compacting

How do Glaciers Change Landforms?

Continental Glaciers Smooth out the Land by Eroding High Points and Filling in Low Points

Alpine Glaciers Sharpen Upper Portion of Mountains (Give Them a Rugged Appearance) and Create Broad U-Shaped Valleys

Press Down on Land - Now Rebounding About 1-2 Cm Per Century

When do Glaciers Change Size?

Become Smaller When the Rate of Melt > Accumulation (Retreating)

Become Larger When the Rate of Accumulation > Melt (Advancing)

How do Glaciers Move?

b. Continental Glaciers

Spread Outward From the Centre

Move Under Their Own Weight

a. Alpine Glaciers

Move a Few Centimetres Per Day

Move Down Valleys From High Elevations to Low Elevations Due to Gravity

How is Glacial Ice Different From Regular Ice?

It is Less Polluted (Because it Was Formed a Long Time Ago

It is Denser

It is Formed Differently

How Do Glaciers Form?

Weight of Snow Causes Bottom Layers to Turn to Ice

Snow Accumulates-Hundreds of Metres Thick

Geologic History

The 4 Eras

Cenozoic Era

Hasn't Ended Yet (2% of time, so far)

65 Million Yrs Ago

Mammals, fish, and Plants

4. Appalachians and Canadian Shield Rounded

Caused by erosion

3. glaciers scrap and gouge land

2. Rockies Formed by Folding, Faulting, Volcanos

1. Coast Mountains Uplifted

Mesozoic Era

Lasted 180 Million Yrs (4% of time)

245 Million Yes Ago

Plants, dinosaurs, Birds, Small Sea Creatures

Appalachians eroded

2. Earth Folds Forming Rocky Mountains

Caused By Tectonic Forces

1. North American Plate Collided with Pacific Plate

Formed Coast Range Mountains

Cooled to Granite

Caused Magma to Raise to Top of North American Plate

Paleozoic Era

Lasted 325 million Yrs (7% of time)

570 Million Yrs Ago

Shell's , Other Simple Things, More Advanced Things, Plants, Trees, Fish, Insects, Amphibians

Changes to Land

1. Collision of Pangaea Caused Eastern Part of North America to Crumble and fold to Create Appalachian Mountains

Precambrian Era

lasted 4 billion yrs (87% of time)

4.6 billion yes ago

Living Things

Fossils, Algae, Some More Complexed Organisms

Changes to Land

3. Contains Mostly Igneous and Metamorphic Rock. Some Sedimentary

2. New Land and Oceans

1. New Mountains Formed

Tectonic Plates

Continental Drift

The Theory Discovered by John Tuzo Wilson That all Continents were once attached as one Super Continent (Pangaea) and drifted into separate positions Later.

4 Proofs

Ice

Evidence of Past Glaciers in Warm Places Today. Which Means Continents Used to be Closer to the Poles

Mountains

Same Age & Structure of Mountains in Eastern Canada (Appalachians) & Western Europe (Caledonians)

Fossils

Same Land Animals & Plants in South America & South Africa

Jigsaw Fit

Continents Fit Together Like Puzzle

Boundaries of Plates

Transform

Plates Slide Past Eachother

Ridge Axis

Plates are diverging and new ocean floor is generated

Subduction Zone

Plates converge and One Plate Dives Under the Leading Edge of its Neighbour

mainly continental crust: Eurasia, mainly oceanic crust: pacific

ex. large plates: north american small plates cocos plate

plate tectonics helped shape the earth

Range from 20 km thick (pacific) to 100 km thick (eurasian)

2 Types - Oceanic and Continental

move by convection currents (magma under plates moving)

20 on earth

Earthquakes

Are We Ready

We are not ready

Many of Our buildings and structures would be destroyed if a large enough earthquake hit us.