biology

Honelako gehiago

DNA

by Gilmar Zambrano

Diversity of Life By Joshua Lui-Yee

by JL - 10CS 955028 Rick Hansen SS

Why is the disease Pulmonary Alveolar Microlithiasis crucial to research?

by Zilan Kaya

How does asthma develop and what were the factors that evolved it to become what it is

by Brandon Ly

Unit 2: how is continuity of life maintained?

Area of study 3:

the influence of social, economic, legal and ethical factors relevant to the selected biological issue.

the nature of evidence and information: distinction between opinion, anecdote and evidence, weak and strong evidence, scientific and non-scientific ideas; and validity, reliability and authority of data including sources of possible errors or bias.

the use of data representations, models and theories in organising and explaining observed phenomena and biological concepts and their limitations.

the biological concepts specific to the investigation: definitions of key terms; use of appropriate biological terminology, conventions and representations.

the characteristics of effective science communication: accuracy of biological information; clarity of explanation of biological concepts, ideas and models; contextual clarity with reference to importance and implications of findings; conciseness and coherence; and appropriateness for purpose and audience.

Area of study 1: How does reproduction maintain the continuity of life?

Sexual reproduction

The biological advantage of sexual reproduction, specifically the genetic diversity in offspring

The key events that result in the production of gametes from somatic cells

The significance of crossing over of chromatids between homologous chromosomes in prophase 1 and the non-dividing of the centromere in metaphase 1

How an offspring from two parents has a unique genetic identity

Che cell cycle

The key events in the phases (G1, S, G2, M and C) of the eukaryotic cell cycles

Characteristics of the sub-phases of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase) and cytokinesis in plants and animal cells

The rapid procession of prokaryotic cells through their cell cycle by binary fission

Derivation of all cells from pre-existing cells through completion of the cell cycles

Asexual reproduction

Emerging issues associated with cloning

Applications in agriculture and horticulture

The biological advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction

The types of asexual reproduction

Fission, budding, vegetative propagation and spore formation

Cell growth and cell differentiation

The disruption of the regulation of the cell cycle through genetic predisposition or the action of mutagens that gives rise to the uncontrolled cell division

Cancer and abnormal embryonic development

The consequences of stem cell differentiation in human development

The development of germ layers, types of tissues formed from germ layers and the distinction between embryo and foetus

The types and function of stem cells in human development

The distinction between embryonic and adult stem cells and their potential use in the development of medical therapies

Area of study 2: How is inheritance explained?

Pedigree charts, genetic cross outcomes and genetic decision-making

The nature and uses of genetic testing for screening of embryos and adults, and its social and ethical implications.

The inheritance of two characteristics as either independent or linked, and the biological consequences of crossing over linked genes.

The determination of genotypes and predictions of the of the outcomes of genetic crosses including monohybrid crosses, and monohybrid test crosses.

Pedigree charts and patterns of inheritance including autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked and Y-linked traits.

Genomes, genes and alleles

The role of genomic research since the Human Genome Project, with reference to the sequencing of the genes of many organisms, comparing relatedness between species, determining gene function and genomic applications for the early detection and diagnosis of human diseases.

The genome as the sum total of an organism's DNA measured in the number of base pairs contained in a haploid set of chromosomes.

The distinction between a genome, gene and allele.

Genotypes and phenotypes

Qualitative treatment of polygenic inheritance as contributing to continuous variation in a population, illustrated by the determination of human skin colour through the genes involved in melanin production or by variation in height.

The relative influences of a genetic material, environmental factors and interactions of DNA with other molecules (epigenetic factors) on phenotypes.

The distinction between a dominant and recessive phenotype.

The use of symbols in the writing of the genotypes for the alleles present at a particular gene location.

Chromosomes

Presentation of an organisms set of chromosomes as a karyotype that can be used to identify chromosome number abnormalities

Down's, Klinefelter's and Turner's syndromes in humans

The role of chromosomes as structures that pack DNA, their variability in terms of size and the number of genes they carry in different organisms, the distinction between an autosome and a sex chromosome and the nature of a homologous pair of chromosomes as carrying the same gene loci