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A supercomputer is a computer at the frontline of current processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation. The term "Super Computing" was first used in the New York World in 1929 to refer to large custom-built tabulators that IBM had made for Columbia University.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer
C:\Users\arman.rasheed\Desktop\2013-02-21_1458.png
An embedded system is a computer system designed for specific control functions within a larger system, often with real-time computing constraints.[1][2] It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.
Chapter 2
The System Unit: Processing and Memory
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this chapter is to help you understand the various components located inside the system unit and become a little familiar with the components involved with processing. First, the chapter explains how computers represent data, followed by a tour of the inside of the system unit. Next, we take a closer look at how a CPU works and then the chapter closes with some strategies that may make computers faster now and in the future.
TIPS FOR SUCCESS
• Be an active learner. Always attend class, pay attention to the lecture and class discussion, take good notes (either print the following outline or open this file in your word processor to take notes), and ask questions about anything you don’t completely understand.
• Use the textbook and associated resources. Read the assigned sections before and/or after class (depending on your instructor’s preference), and study the chapter objectives and key term definitions, work the Key Terms matching exercise and the Self-Quiz, complete any assigned Exercises and Projects, and visit the online resources (such as the Further Exploration links, Online Crossword Puzzle, Online Videos, Video Podcasts, and Student Edition Labs) before moving on to the next chapter.
• Prepare well for exams. Start studying for an exam several days beforehand. Carefully reread each chapter that will be covered on the exam, noting any sections you don’t completely understand so that you can ask your instructor about them beforehand. Rework the Key Terms matching exercise and Self-Quiz for each chapter that will be on the exam. When you think you are prepared, take the Online Practice Test (available through this textbook’s Web site) for each chapter that will be on the exam. Be sure to review your notes the night before the exam, but get a good night’s sleep.
• Double-check. Use the checklist at the end of this chapter’s study guide to ensure that you’ve utilized all the resources associated with this text.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Overview
Data and Program Representation
Digital Data Representation
Representing Numerical Data: The Binary Numbering System
Coding Systems for Text-Based Data
ASCII and EBCDIC
Unicode
Coding Systems for Other Types of Data
Graphics Data
Audio Data
Video Data
Representing Software Programs: Machine Language
Inside the System Unit
The Motherboard
The Power Supply and Drive Bays
The CPU
Processing Speed
Word Size
Cache Memory
Bus Width, Bus Speed, and Bandwidth
Memory
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Registers
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
Flash Memory
Fans, Heat Sinks, and Other Cooling Components
Expansion Slots, Expansion Cards, and ExpressCard Modules
Buses
Memory Bus
Frontside Bus (FSB)
PCI and PCI Express Bus
USB Bus
FireWire/IEEE 1394 Bus
Ports and Connectors
How the CPU Works
Typical CPU Components
Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) and Floating Point Unit (FPU)
Control Unit
Prefetch Unit
Decode Unit
Registers and Internal Cache Memory
Bus Interface Unit
The System Clock and the Machine Cycle
Making Computers Faster and Better Now and in the Future
Improving the Performance of Your System Today
Add More Memory
Perform System Maintenance
Buy a Larger or Second Hard Drive
Upgrade Your Internet Connection
Upgrade Your Video Graphics Card
Strategies for Making Faster and Better Computers
Improved Architecture
Improved Materials
Pipelining
Multiprocessing and Parallel Processing
Future Trends
Nanotechnology
Quantum Computing
Optical Computing
Silicon Photonics
Terascale Computing
3D Chips
CHAPTER CHECKLIST
When chapter is covered in class:
r Read the chapter, taking notes either on the outline included in this study guide or on blank notebook paper, whichever method works best for you.
r Work the Key Terms matching exercise.
r Work the Self-Quiz (check your answers with those listed on page R-17 in the References and Resources Guide at the end of the book).
r Complete any assigned Exercises.
r Complete any assigned Projects.
r Go to the Chapter 2 page at www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13 and work the following activities:
r Watch the Online Videos assigned to this chapter.
r Download or watch the Video Podcasts assigned to this chapter.
r Use the Further Exploration links to obtain more information for any topics that need clarifying.
r Complete the Online Crossword Puzzle.
r Work the interactive Student Edition Labs.
Before an exam on this chapter:
r Carefully reread the chapter (and any other chapters that will also be included on the exam).
r Carefully review your notes, making sure you’ve memorized any facts or procedures needed for the exam. Mark any sections about which you still have questions plus any sections that are especially important to review again the morning of the exam.
r Ask your instructor or the members of your study group about any topics that you don’t completely understand.
r Rework the Key Terms matching exercise for this chapter and any other chapter to be included on the exam. Complete the exercise online at the Chapter 2 page at www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13 for additional key terms.
r Rework the Self-Quiz for this chapter and any other chapter to be included on the exam.
r Take the Online Practice Test found at the Chapter 2 page at www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13 to test your knowledge of the chapter content. Also complete the Online Practice Test for any other chapters to be included on the exam.
r Review your notes the night of and morning of the exam, but be sure to get a good night’s sleep so you can think clearly.
Chapter 5
System Software: Operating Systems and Utility Programs
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this chapter is to help you understand the purpose of system software. First, the chapter takes a look at the differences between system software and application software and the various tasks that the operating system performs. Next, a brief overview of the most common types of operating systems for desktop PCs and servers, handheld PCs and mobile devices, and larger computers is presented. The chapter closes with a look at utility programs and the possible future of operating systems.
TIPS FOR SUCCESS
• Be an active learner. Always attend class, pay attention to the lecture and class discussion, take good notes (either print the following outline or open this file in your word processor to take notes), and ask questions about anything you don’t completely understand.
• Use the textbook and associated resources. Read the assigned sections before and/or after class (depending on your instructor’s preference), and study the chapter objectives and key term definitions, work the Key Terms matching exercise and the Self-Quiz, complete any assigned Exercises and Projects, and visit the online resources (such as the Further Exploration links, Online Crossword Puzzle, Online Videos, Video Podcasts, and Student Edition Labs) before moving on to the next chapter.
• Prepare well for exams. Start studying for an exam several days beforehand. Carefully reread each chapter that will be covered on the exam, noting any sections you don’t completely understand so that you can ask your instructor about them beforehand. Rework the Key Terms matching exercise and Self-Quiz for each chapter that will be on the exam. When you think you are prepared, take the Online Practice Test (available through this textbook’s Web site) for each chapter that will be on the exam. Be sure to review your notes the night before the exam, but get a good night’s sleep.
• Double-check. Use the checklist at the end of this chapter’s study guide to ensure that you’ve utilized all the resources associated with this text.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Overview
System Software vs. Application Software
The Operating System
Functions of an Operating System
Interfacing with Users
Booting the Computer
Configuring Devices
Managing and Monitoring Resources and Jobs
File Management
Security
Processing Techniques for Increased Efficiency
Multitasking
Multiprocessing and Parallel Processing
Operating Systems for Personal Computers and Servers
DOS
Windows
Windows 1.0 Through Windows XP
Windows Vista
Windows 7
Windows Server and Windows Home Server
Mac OS
UNIX
Linux
Operating Systems for Mobile Phones and Other Devices
Mobile and Embedded Versions of Windows
iPhone OS
BlackBerry OS
Palm OS and Palm webOS
Symbian OS
Embedded Linux
Operating Systems for Larger Computers
Utility Programs
File Management Programs
Looking at the Folders and Files Stored on a Computer
Copying and Moving Files and Folders
Renaming Files and Folders
Search Tools
Diagnostic and Disk Management Programs
Uninstall and Cleanup Utilities
File Compression Programs
Backup and Recovery Utilities
Antivirus, Antispyware, Firewalls, and Other Security Programs
The Future of Operating Systems
CHAPTER CHECKLIST
When chapter is covered in class:
Read the chapter, taking notes either on the outline included in this study guide or on blank notebook paper, whichever method works best for you.
Work the Key Terms matching exercise.
Work the Self-Quiz (check your answers with those listed on page R-17 in the References and Resources Guide at the end of the book).
Complete any assigned Exercises.
Complete any assigned Projects.
Go to the Chapter 5 page at www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13 and work the following activities:
Watch the Online Videos assigned to this chapter.
Download or watch the Video Podcasts assigned to this chapter.
Use the Further Exploration links to obtain more information for any topics that need clarifying.
Complete the Online Crossword Puzzle.
Work the interactive Student Edition Labs.
Before an exam on this chapter:
Carefully reread the chapter (and any other chapters that will also be included on the exam).
Carefully review your notes, making sure you’ve memorized any facts or procedures needed for the exam. Mark any sections about which you still have questions plus any sections that are especially important to review again the morning of the exam.
Ask your instructor or the members of your study group about any topics that you don’t completely understand.
Rework the Key Terms matching exercise for this chapter and any other chapter to be included on the exam. Complete the exercise online at the Chapter 5 page at www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13 for additional key terms.
Rework the Self-Quiz for this chapter and any other chapter to be included on the exam.
Take the Online Practice Test found at the Chapter 5 page at www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13 to test your knowledge of the chapter content. Also complete the Online Practice Test for any other chapters to be included on the exam.
Review your notes the night of and morning of the exam, but be sure to get a good night’s sleep so you can think clearly.
– Differences between system software and application software – Functions of and differences among operating systems – Various types of operating systems – Functions of and various types of utility programs – A look at the possible future of operating systems
Chapter 4
Input and Output
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this chapter is to help you become familiar with the various pieces of hardware that can be used for input and output. The chapter includes both commonly used devices—such as keyboards, mice and other pointing devices, monitors, and printers—as well as specialty devices, such as biometric input devices, barcode readers, and emerging display applications.
TIPS FOR SUCCESS
• Be an active learner. Always attend class, pay attention to the lecture and class discussion, take good notes (either print the following outline or open this file in your word processor to take notes), and ask questions about anything you don’t completely understand.
• Use the textbook and associated resources. Read the assigned sections before and/or after class (depending on your instructor’s preference), and study the chapter objectives and key term definitions, work the Key Terms matching exercise and the Self-Quiz, complete any assigned Exercises and Projects, and visit the online resources (such as the Further Exploration links, Online Crossword Puzzle, Online Videos, Video Podcasts, and Student Edition Labs) before moving on to the next chapter.
• Prepare well for exams. Start studying for an exam several days beforehand. Carefully reread each chapter that will be covered on the exam, noting any sections you don’t completely understand so that you can ask your instructor about them beforehand. Rework the Key Terms matching exercise and Self-Quiz for each chapter that will be on the exam. When you think you are prepared, take the Online Practice Test (available through this textbook’s Web site) for each chapter that will be on the exam. Be sure to review your notes the night before the exam, but get a good night’s sleep.
• Double-check. Use the checklist at the end of this chapter’s study guide to ensure that you’ve utilized all the resources associated with this text.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Overview
Keyboards
Pointing and Touch Devices
Mice
Pens/Styluses
Pen-Based Computers
Digital Writing Systems
Graphics Tablets
Signature Capture Devices
Touch Screens
Other Pointing Devices
Gaming Devices
Trackballs
Buttons and Wheels
Touch Pads
Scanners, Readers, and Digital Cameras
Scanners
Types of Scanners
Scanning Quality and Resolution
Readers
Barcode Readers
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Readers
Optical Mark Readers (OMRs)
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Devices
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Readers
Biometric Readers
Digital Cameras
Digital Still Cameras
Digital Video Cameras
Audio Input
Voice Input and Speech Recognition Systems
Music Input Systems
Display Devices
Display Device Characteristics
Touch and Gesture Capabilities
Flat-Panel Display Technologies
Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
Light Emitting Diode (LED) and Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) Displays
Interferometric Modulator (IMOD) Displays
Plasma Displays and Surface-Conduction Electron-Emitter Displays (SEDs)
Data and Multimedia Projectors
Printers
Printer Characteristics
Laser Printers
Ink-Jet Printers
Special Purpose Printers
Photo Printers
Barcode, Label, and Postage Printers
Portable and Integrated Printers
Wide-Format Ink-Jet Printers
3D Printers
Audio Output
CHAPTER CHECKLIST
When chapter is covered in class:
Read the chapter, taking notes either on the outline included in this study guide or on blank notebook paper, whichever method works best for you.
Work the Key Terms matching exercise.
Work the Self-Quiz (check your answers with those listed on page R-17 in the References and Resources Guide at the end of the book).
Complete any assigned Exercises.
Complete any assigned Projects.
Go to the Chapter 4 page at www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13 and work the following activities:
Watch the Online Videos assigned to this chapter.
Download or watch the Video Podcasts assigned to this chapter.
Use the Further Exploration links to obtain more information for any topics that need clarifying.
Complete the Online Crossword Puzzle.
Work the interactive Student Edition Labs.
Before an exam on this chapter:
Carefully reread the chapter (and any other chapters that will also be included on the exam).
Carefully review your notes, making sure you’ve memorized any facts or procedures needed for the exam. Mark any sections about which you still have questions plus any sections that are especially important to review again the morning of the exam.
Ask your instructor or the members of your study group about any topics that you don’t completely understand.
Rework the Key Terms matching exercise for this chapter and any other chapter to be included on the exam. Complete the exercise online at the Chapter 4 page at www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13 for additional key terms.
Rework the Self-Quiz for this chapter and any other chapter to be included on the exam.
Take the Online Practice Test found at the Chapter 4 page at www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13 to test your knowledge of the chapter content. Also complete the Online Practice Test for any other chapters to be included on the exam.
Review your notes the night of and morning of the exam, but be sure to get a good night’s sleep so you can think clearly.
– Different types of keyboards and pointing devices – Types of scanners, readers, and digital cameras – Audio input devices – Types of display devices and how they work – Types of printers and how they work – Audio output
Chapter 3
Storage
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this chapter is to provide you with an understanding of the way the most common types of storage devices and media work. It begins with a look at the characteristics that storage systems have in common. Next, storage systems based on magnetic disks (such as floppy disks and hard drives) are discussed, followed by optical discs (CDs and DVDs, for instance) and flash memory storage systems. In addition, as an overview of other possible storage devices and media is provided. The chapter closes with a summary and comparison of the storage hardware covered in the chapter.
TIPS FOR SUCCESS
• Be an active learner. Always attend class, pay attention to the lecture and class discussion, take good notes (either print the following outline or open this file in your word processor to take notes), and ask questions about anything you don’t completely understand.
• Use the textbook and associated resources. Read the assigned sections before and/or after class (depending on your instructor’s preference), and study the chapter objectives and key term definitions, work the Key Terms matching exercise and the Self-Quiz, complete any assigned Exercises and Projects, and visit the online resources (such as the Further Exploration links, Online Crossword Puzzle, Online Videos, Video Podcasts, and Student Edition Labs) before moving on to the next chapter.
• Prepare well for exams. Start studying for an exam several days beforehand. Carefully reread each chapter that will be covered on the exam, noting any sections you don’t completely understand so that you can ask your instructor about them beforehand. Rework the Key Terms matching exercise and Self-Quiz for each chapter that will be on the exam. When you think you are prepared, take the Online Practice Test (available through this textbook’s Web site) for each chapter that will be on the exam. Be sure to review your notes the night before the exam, but get a good night’s sleep.
• Double-check. Use the checklist at the end of this chapter’s study guide to ensure that you’ve utilized all the resources associated with this text.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Overview
Storage System Characteristics
Storage Media and Storage Devices
Volatility
Random vs. Sequential Access
Logical vs. Physical Representation
Type of Storage Technology Used
Hard Drives
Magnetic Hard Drives and Solid-State Drives (SSDs)
Magnetic Hard Drives
Solid-State Drives (SSDs)
Internal and External Hard Drives
Hard Drive Speed, Disk Caching, and Hybrid Hard Drives
Hard Drive Partitioning and File Systems
Hard Drive Interface Standards
Optical Discs
Optical Disc Characteristics
Representing Data on an Optical Disc
Optical Drives
Optical Disc Shapes, Sizes, and Capacities
Read-Only Discs: CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, and BD-ROM Discs
Recordable Discs: CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, and BD-R Discs
Rewritable Discs: CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and BD-RE Discs
Flash Memory
Flash Memory Cards
USB Flash Drives
Other Types of Storage Systems
Network Storage and Online/Cloud Storage Systems
Smart Cards
Holographic Storage
Storage Systems for Large Computer Systems
RAID
Magnetic Tape Systems
Evaluating Your Storage Alternatives
CHAPTER CHECKLIST
When chapter is covered in class:
Read the chapter, taking notes either on the outline included in this study guide or on blank notebook paper, whichever method works best for you.
Work the Key Terms matching exercise.
Work the Self-Quiz (check your answers with those listed on page R-17 in the References and Resources Guide at the end of the book).
Complete any assigned Exercises.
Complete any assigned Projects.
Go to the Chapter 3 page at www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13 and work the following activities:
Watch the Online Videos assigned to this chapter.
Download or watch the Video Podcasts assigned to this chapter.
Use the Further Exploration links to obtain more information for any topics that need clarifying.
Complete the Online Crossword Puzzle.
Work the interactive Student Edition Labs.
Before an exam on this chapter:
Carefully reread the chapter (and any other chapters that will also be included on the exam).
Carefully review your notes, making sure you’ve memorized any facts or procedures needed for the exam. Mark any sections about which you still have questions plus any sections that are especially important to review again the morning of the exam.
Ask your instructor or the members of your study group about any topics that you don’t completely understand.
Rework the Key Terms matching exercise for this chapter and any other chapter to be included on the exam. Complete the exercise online at the Chapter 3 page at www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13 for additional key terms.
Rework the Self-Quiz for this chapter and any other chapter to be included on the exam.
Take the Online Practice Test found at the Chapter 3 page at www.cengage.com/computerconcepts/np/uc13 to test your knowledge of the chapter content. Also complete the Online Practice Test for any other chapters to be included on the exam.
Review your notes the night of and morning of the exam, but be sure to get a good night’s sleep so you can think clearly.
– Common characteristics of storage systems – Primary storage for most personal computers, the hard drive – Optical disc systems; how they work and the various types – Flash memory systems and how they work – Other types of storage systems – Storage alternatives for personal computerss
CH1 summary
It is an international bestselling book by Thomas Friedman. It talks about globalization in the early 21st century. He visit to Infosys Technologies Limited in India. He is impressed by the campus’s advanced technology such as the glass, steel and large flat-screen. The company’s CEO, told him that the playing field has been leveled: now countries like India can compete for global knowledge. Friedman thought that there are three great eras of globalization historically. The 1st was from 1492-1800, which he calls Globalization 1.0. The 2nd was from 1800-2000, which he calls Globalization 2.0. he mentions that we are now in the midst of Globalization 3.0 is a period in which the world shrinks from small to tiny, flattening to such a degree that individuals can collaborate and compete globally. The purpose of his book is to understand how the world became flat through development.
Flatteners:
1- Collapse of the Berlin Wall – 11/9/89: Friedman called the flattener, "When the walls came down, and the windows came up." The event not only symbolized the end of the Cold War, it allowed people from the other side of the wall to join the economic mainstream. "11/9/89" is a discussion about the Berlin Wall coming down, the "fall" of communism, and the impact that Windows powered PCs (personal computers) had on the ability of individuals to create their own content and connect to one another. At that point, the basic platform for the revolution to follow was created: IBM PC, Windows, a standardized graphical interface for word processing, dial-up modems, a standardized tool for communication, and a global phone network.
2- Netscape – 8/9/95: Netscape went public at the price of $28. Netscape and the Web broadened the audience for the Internet from its roots as a communications medium used primarily by "early adopters and geeks" to something that made the Internet accessible to everyone from five-year-olds to ninety-five-year-olds. The digitization that took place meant that everyday occurrences such as words, files, films, music, and pictures could be accessed and manipulated on a computer screen by all people across the world.
3- Workflow software: Friedman's catch-all for the standards and technologies that allowed work to flow. The ability of machines to talk to other machines with no humans involved, as stated by Friedman. Friedman believes these first three forces have become a "crude foundation of a whole new global platform for collaboration." There was an emergence of software protocols (SMTP – simple mail transfer protocol; HTML – the language that enabled anyone to design and publish documents that could be transmitted to and read on any computer anywhere) Standards on Standards. This is what Friedman called the "Genesis moment of the flat world." The net result "is that people can work with other people on more stuff than ever before." This created a global platform for multiple forms of collaboration. The next six flatteners sprung from this platform.
