Social Initiative Timeline

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Timeline Tips

- Apartheid refers to the segregation of society by racial groupings, it occurred in South Africa as a result of the white 'Boers' colonizing in the mid 1600s. - Some of the discriminatory laws during apartheid included the Population Registration Act, that required citizens to carry ID cards declaring them white or black, and the Bantu Homeland Citizenship Act, which decided where these respective black or white divisions were allowed to live. - Although the boycotting of South Africa and their removal from the United Nations sound like negative repercussions, they were actually both major forces that pushed and encouraged South Africa to sort out their political mess regarding apartheid.

Apartheid in South Africa

social activism continuum

Taking Action

Action towards the diminishment and removal of apartheid occurred when the United States finally decided to cut trading ties with the country. This decision exerted the final blow to their economy that was able to push the nation to sort out their political indifferences. After this severe economic decline the population was able to re-elect an effective president, F.W. de Klerk, who immediately took measures to withdrawal all previously established laws in accordance to apartheid. The social movement to end apartheid was collectively successful, however, it took the effort of many countries and the death of many innocent people. In conclusion, what made the anti-apartheid movement positively stand out in comparison to other social movements is the fact that it used little-to-no violence to make and receive it's requests.

Motivated to Change

The motivation to change really occurred with the creation of the United Democratic Front, an organization formed to lead movements and protests against apartheid and its discrimination. The group was created to rally the oppressed together as one, and with the leadership of Desmond Tutu, take action to end the detriments of apartheid forever.

Knowledgeable

The world became fully knowledgeable of the effects of apartheid in 1960 after the Sharpeville Massacre claimed the lives of over 600 students and displayed the aggressive, racially-fueled ignorance of the South African National Party.

Concerned

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Global concern of apartheid began when multiple countries addressed the issue at a United Nations conference, highlighting the major social justice inequity that was being carried out by the South African government. It was further addressed in Britain in 1959 when the Boycott Movement was proposed as an incentive for the country's removal of apartheid.

Aware

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The social injustice of apartheid was initially expected after the Boer Wars took place and the European descents first began fighting over South Africa like it belonged to them. These events and the fear of cultural assimilation of the indigenous blacks in the country were the causes that led to the creation of both the Union of South Africa and African National Congress.

Unaware

When apartheid is traced back to its root issue, it's revealed that it was caused by the initial colonialization of South African land by the Dutch in the mid 1600s. At this point, it was unaware to the Dutch, and later the British as well, that what they were doing was unfair, and would later cause one of the world's largest social inequities.

timeline of Apartheid events

– ANC wins first democratic election and Mandela becomes president – South Africa finally returns to United Nations

1994

F.W. de Klerk and Mandela win the Nobel Peace Prize for peaceful dialogue

1993

a referendum is held for white voters only to decide whether to end apartheid

1992

1989 – F.W. de Klerk replaces president Botha 1990 – ANC ban is lifted and Mandela and others are released from prison

1989-1990

USA is last to boycott South Africa and finally crashes their economy

1986

1983 – Internal organizations form United Democratic Front (UDF) and elect Archbishop Desmond Tutu as a head patron 1984 - Desmond Tutu wins Nobel Peace Prize for involvement against apartheid

1983-1984

Soweto Massacre kills hundreds of students

1976

South Africa expelled from United Nations until apartheid is diminished

1974

1963-1964 - Rivonia Trial imprisons resistance leaders and draws national attention 1970 - Bantu Homeland Citizenship Act passed forces mass black migration/ relocation

1963-1970

1962 – United Nations votes to sever ties with South Africa until apartheid is over 1963 – Nelson Mandela launches military sabotage campaign against government

1962-1963

– Sharpeville Massacre occurs during protest against racial ID cards – South African government bans ANC and PNC

1960

Boycott Movement against South Africa proposed to people of Britain

1959

Bantu Education Act is passed

1953

1952 – 13 African and Asian countries bring awareness of apartheid to national agenda 1952-1953 – Nelson Mandela initiates Campaign of Defiance of Unjust Laws

1952-1953

1948 - National Party wins election and policies of apartheid (racial segregation) begin 1949 – Prohibition of Mixed Marriages act is passed 1950 – Population Registration Act passed

1948-1950

1910 - The Union of South Africa is formed 1912 - The African National Congress (ANC) is formed

1910-1912

1880 - The British and Dutch fight in the First Boer War 1900 - the Second Boer War

1880-1902

1652 - Dutch first arrive in South Africa and begin immigrating and colonizing as Boers 1820 - British migrate and begin colonizing alongside the Dutch Boers in South Africa

1652-1820

Works Cited

Shukla, A. (2018, October 31). Apartheid timeline. Retrieved April 25, 2021, from https://gulfnews.com/world/africa/apartheid-timeline-1.1994303

Nittle, N. (2021, March 21). The facts about south african apartheid. Retrieved April 25, 2021, from https://www.thoughtco.com/brief-history-of-south-african-apartheid-2834606

Nesbitt, F. N. (2021, April 25). Anti-Apartheid Movement. Retrieved April 25, 2021, from https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/anti-apartheid-movement

K. H. (Director). (2016, August 21). Apartheid explained: Global history review [Video file]. Retrieved April 25, 2021, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoURvGlF_qI

The history of apartheid in South Africa. (n.d.). Retrieved April 25, 2021, from http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~cale/cs201/apartheid.hist.html

Global Toronto. (2019, April 25). Apartheid: The rise and fall of South AFRICA'S 'APARTNESS' laws. Retrieved April 26, 2021, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJOU9YYMzpw

A history of apartheid in South Africa. (2016, May 6). Retrieved April 25, 2021, from https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/history-apartheid-south-africa

Augustyn, A. (2020, July 23). Apartheid. Retrieved April 25, 2021, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/apartheid

Social Initiative Timeline

• Apartheid refers to the segregation of society by racial groupings, it occurred in South Africa as a result of the white 'Boers' colonizing in the mid 1600s.

• Some of the discriminatory laws during apartheid included the Population Registration Act, that required citizens to carry ID cards declaring them white or black, and the Bantu Homeland Citizenship Act, which decided where these respective black or white divisions were allowed to live.

• Although the boycotting of South America and their removal from the United Nations sound like negative repercussions, they were actually both major forces that pushed and encouraged South America to sort out their political mess regarding apartheid.

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