Classifications of Language Learning Strategies

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Classifications of Language Learning Strategies

O'Malley (1985)

Socio-affective Strategies

questioning/requesting clarification

co-operating

Cognitive Strategies

inferencing

transfer

elaboration

contextualization

auditory representation

key word

imagery

deduction

recombination

note-taking

grouping

translation

resourcing

repetition

Metacognitive Strategies

self-evaluation

delayed production

self-monitoring

functional planning

selective attention

directed attention

advance organizers

Rubin (1987)

Communication Strategies

using communicative skill to remain conversation

Learning Strategies

self-management

setting goals

prioritizing

planning

monitoring

memorizing

practice

guessing

verification/clarification

Social Strategies

Oxford (1990)

Indirect

Social

Working with peers

Cooperating with others

Asking questions

Affective

Encouraging oneself

Reducing anxiety

Metacognitive

Selecting resources

Identifying resources

Direct

Memory (Mnemonics)

Using key words

Grouping

Cognitive

Summarizing

Analyzing

Structuring

Compensation

Gesturing

Guessing

Subtopic