jonka RYAN MAY 4 vuotta sitten
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Acid added neutralizes the conjugate pair base Base added neutralized the conjugate pair acid
pH = pKa of weak acid
Must require an acid base conjugate pair
Used to stabilize the pH of a solution
Solution is neutral when this has been achieved
CaVa=CbVb
ph indicators
If done correctly, the ph indicator will change colour at the equivalence point. If not, it may change too soon, leaving the equivalence point unsolved for.
Intial [OH-] from excess base
Weak acid is neutralized, turns into a conjugate base
Excess weak acid
Disassociation of weak acid in H2O
Ha+H2O→H3O+ + A-
Next disassociation progressively has smaller Ka
pH+pOH= 14
Can calculate %disassociation... often 1%
100% disassociation Ex: HCl, HBr, HI
Ksp
Hard vs soft water Kidney stones
Crystallization of cations and anions.
sped up by larger surface area= faster to eq
Dissolution of salt crystals
At Eq, solids stop dissolving
common ion effect
Higher ksp= more soluble Used on highly insoluble salts
Due to large amounts of H2O already present, we ignore H2O in Keq expressions, as it will not greatly impact the outcome of concentration.
When [P] and [R] stabilize, equilibrium is reached
Le chatelier's principle
When conditions change, eq is changed
Ex: changed in pressure, temperature are counteracted
Ex: gas exchange in the lungs
Pressure lowers, concentration lowers
Temperature speeds up forward and reverse reactions
Dynamic equilibrium
Forward and reverse actions are constant Reactions re reversible
Easier in a closed system
phase equilibrium
Ice tables(concentrations at EQ)
Used to solve for x, using stoichiometry.
[C]^c[D]^d/[A]^a[B]^b
When Keq>1, the forward reaction is favored When Keq<1, the reverse reaction is favored
Kf/Kr
Affected by delta H and temperature
Ex: H2CO3 → HCO3
Lower pH and smaller Ksp
Highly soluble in water and high pH