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including
Two layers of meaning
Pragmatics
Fernandez, R. (2017). image002 [Image]. From https://blogs.eitb.eus/inteligenciaemocional/2017/08/25/pragmatica-lo-que-esconden-las-palabras/
The Ling Space. (2015, May 20). Implicatures, Entailments, and Presuppositions. [Video] Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9OdeDQKnR4
his meaning corresponds to
the intention of what you want to achieve with the sentence
When I say I have no money, I can say that for various reasons
One reason might be that
I want to inform you about my present financial situation
Another reason might be
because I basically want to give you an order, to give me money.
It depends of
the context in which the phrase was said
Semantics
Camaltec. (2017). La-búsqueda-semántica [Image]. From https://www.camaltec.es/busqueda-semantica/
ASFCEngDept. (2015, November 4). Introduction to Semantics. [Video] Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3t2VPcHwCw&t=1s
his meaning is
very close to what you would ordinarily call literal meaning
if you say "I have no money"
the semantic meaning would be
some claim about this person and his financial state.
you could confirm it
can divided in
Homophones
Words that have the same pronunciation
different spelling
Please try not to (waste, waist) paper.
Homographs
different pronunciations
- The wind is blowing hard. - I have to wind my clock.
Homonyms
Words that have the same spelling
same pronunciation
but
different meanings
- I hope you are not lying to me. - My books are lying on the table.
Two layers of form
which are
Sounds
Microsoft (2017).header-sound [Imagen]. From https://docs.microsoft.com/es-es/windows/uwp/design/style/sound
are divided into
DS Bigham. (2014). Phonetics vs Phonology. [video]. Youtube: DS Bigham
Phonetics
Transcripciones.Net (2020). La-Transcripción-Fonética-min [Imagen]. From https://transcripciones.net/blog/la-transcripcion-fonetica/
the physical and physiological aspects of those sounds
the way in which they vibrate in the air, the way I produce them using my articulatory organs.
and have
three dimensions
Voicing
a term to characterize speech sounds
can be described as
voiced
voiceless or unvoiced
Manner of articulation
the configuration and interaction of the articulators
such as
the tongue, lips, and palate
when
making a speech sound
Place of articulation
the places where the constrictions and obstructions of air occur.
The Mimic Method (2019). place-of-articulation-mouth-diagram [Imagen] From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/
specifically they are
Glottal
The Mimic Method. (2019). 5366603_orig [Image]. From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/
Velar
The Mimic Method. (2019). 1415179 [Image]. From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/
Palatal
The Mimic Method. (2019). 8007927_orig [Image]. From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/
Post-Alveolar
The Mimic Method. (2019). 2447657_orig [Image]. From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/
Alveolar
The Mimic Method. (2019). 5232512_orig [Image]. From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/
Dental
The Mimic Method. (2019). 7930040_orig [Image]. From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/
Labiodental
The Mimic Method. (2019). 2891333_orig [Image]. From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/
Bilabial
The Mimic Method. (2019). 8673019_orig [Image]. From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/
Phonology
ConceptoDefinicion (2014). fonologia [Image]. From https://conceptodefinicion.de/fonologia/
it studies
sounds as part of laungage
this means that
we can omit a lot of details on how you actually produce a sound.
also
the phonology have some distinctions
usually called
features
the most basic unit of phonological structure that may be analyzed in phonological theory
are
grouped into categories according to the natural classes of segments
they describe
place
The features that specify the place of articulation.
manner
The features that specify the manner of articulation
laryngeal
The features that specify the glottal states of sounds
major class
The features that represent the major classes of sounds
Structure
EaP Plus Eastern Partnership (2018). project_structure_v01 [Imagen]. From https://www.eap-plus.eu/project/structure
refers to
Syntax
Jaen, M. (2017). sintaxis [Image]. From https://comocrearunalengua.com/2017/04/06/ una-nueva-lengua-sintaxis/
The Ling Space. (2014, November 5). Syntactic Trees and X' Theory. [Video] Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7UOcoQr0hvg
The study of sentences and their order
can be organized for
Questions words
varies the position in the sentence
English: What does John eat? Japanese: John what eats?
Prepositions
can
varies the order in different languages.
English: with a black cat Japanese: black cat with
Adjective and noun
AN or NA
English: with a black dog Spanish: con un perro negro
Word order
If I have three parts of a sentence (Subject - Verb - Object)
can be organized
SVO - SOV - VSO VOS - OSV - OVS
An example is
English: Jake drinks juice. Japanese: Jake juice drinks
Morphology
Khan (2018). 31141a7158e9600fa4da6700d4c303ee [Image]. From https://co.pinterest.com/pin/392657661256760313/
Aze Linguistics. (2019, July 31). What is morphology? [Video] Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TqAtAqGqU28
the study of the internal structure of words
that is
how words are composed of smaller, meaningful units
specifically
Morphemes
according these
can distinguish four types of languages
Polysynthetic language.
a language in which words are composed of many morphemes
Agglutinative lanhuage
a language in which words are made up of a linear sequence of distinct morphemes
each component of meaning is represented by its own morpheme
Fusional language
a language in which one form of a morpheme can simultaneously encode several meanings
Isolating language
a type of language with a very low morpheme per word ratio
and
no inflectional morphology whatsoever
these are
All of the bits, the base and the affixes
Aze Linguistics. (2019, September 25). Affix, Root, Stem, Base. [Video] Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3X8Q4gPQPsI&t=157s
For example
Uncovering Un- cover- ing affix base affix prefix suffix
