Kategorier: Alle - morphology - syntax - phonetics - semantics

av Sara Salazar 1 år siden

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BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE LINGUISTICS

The field of linguistics encompasses the systematic study of language, including various subfields such as phonology, phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Phonology and phonetics focus on the sounds of language, examining how they are produced and perceived.

BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE LINGUISTICS

Oostendorp, M v. (2019). Miracles of Human Language: An Introduction to Linguistics, The study of sound: Phonology and Phonetics, The study of words and sentences: Morphology and Syntax, The study of meaning: Pragmatics and Semantics, week 1, 2, 3 notes [video and transcript]. Retrieved from https://www.coursera.org/learn/human-language/home/welcome Troyp (2015). Isolating language. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolating_language SIL International (2020). Fusional Language. Retrieved from https://glossary.sil.org/term/fusional-language SIL International (2020). AgglutinativeLanguage. Retrieved from https://glossary.sil.org/term/agglutinative-language Oranjelo100 (2016). Polysynthetic Language. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polysynthetic_language The Mimic Method (2019). Place of Articulation. Retroved from https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/ JorisvS (2015). Manner of articulation. Retroved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manner_of_articulation John of Reading (2014) Voice (phonetics). Retroved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics) Jobber (2006). Distinctive feature. Retroved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinctive_feature EnglishForeveryone.org. (n.d). Homonymus, Homographs, and Homophones Worksheet. Retrieved from https://englishforeveryone.org/PDFs/Homonyms,%20Homographs,%20Homophones.pdf

BASIC CONCEPTS OF THE LINGUISTICS

is

the scientific study of language
Ben DuMonde. (2017, may 23). What is Linguistics? [Video] Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sis9cEaLom8&t=120s

including

Two layers of meaning

Pragmatics

Fernandez, R. (2017). image002 [Image]. From https://blogs.eitb.eus/inteligenciaemocional/2017/08/25/pragmatica-lo-que-esconden-las-palabras/

The Ling Space. (2015, May 20). Implicatures, Entailments, and Presuppositions. [Video] Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N9OdeDQKnR4

his meaning corresponds to

the intention of what you want to achieve with the sentence

When I say I have no money, I can say that for various reasons

One reason might be that

I want to inform you about my present financial situation

Another reason might be

because I basically want to give you an order, to give me money.

It depends of

the context in which the phrase was said

Semantics

Camaltec. (2017). La-búsqueda-semántica [Image]. From https://www.camaltec.es/busqueda-semantica/

ASFCEngDept. (2015, November 4). Introduction to Semantics. [Video] Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3t2VPcHwCw&t=1s

his meaning is

very close to what you would ordinarily call literal meaning

if you say "I have no money"

the semantic meaning would be

some claim about this person and his financial state.

you could confirm it

can divided in

Homophones

Words that have the same pronunciation

different spelling

Please try not to (waste, waist) paper.

Homographs

different pronunciations

- The wind is blowing hard. - I have to wind my clock.

Homonyms

Words that have the same spelling

same pronunciation

but

different meanings

- I hope you are not lying to me. - My books are lying on the table.

Two layers of form

which are

Sounds

Microsoft (2017).header-sound [Imagen]. From https://docs.microsoft.com/es-es/windows/uwp/design/style/sound

are divided into

DS Bigham. (2014). Phonetics vs Phonology. [video]. Youtube: DS Bigham

Phonetics

Transcripciones.Net (2020). La-Transcripción-Fonética-min [Imagen]. From https://transcripciones.net/blog/la-transcripcion-fonetica/

the physical and physiological aspects of those sounds

the way in which they vibrate in the air, the way I produce them using my articulatory organs.

and have

three dimensions

Voicing

a term to characterize speech sounds

can be described as

voiced

voiceless or unvoiced

Manner of articulation

the configuration and interaction of the articulators

such as

the tongue, lips, and palate

when

making a speech sound

Place of articulation

the places where the constrictions and obstructions of air occur.

The Mimic Method (2019). place-of-articulation-mouth-diagram [Imagen] From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/

specifically they are

Glottal

The Mimic Method. (2019). 5366603_orig [Image]. From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/

Velar

The Mimic Method. (2019). 1415179 [Image]. From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/

Palatal

The Mimic Method. (2019). 8007927_orig [Image]. From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/

Post-Alveolar

The Mimic Method. (2019). 2447657_orig [Image]. From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/

Alveolar

The Mimic Method. (2019). 5232512_orig [Image]. From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/

Dental

The Mimic Method. (2019). 7930040_orig [Image]. From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/

Labiodental

The Mimic Method. (2019). 2891333_orig [Image]. From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/

Bilabial

The Mimic Method. (2019). 8673019_orig [Image]. From https://www.mimicmethod.com/ft101/place-of-articulation/

Phonology

ConceptoDefinicion (2014). fonologia [Image]. From https://conceptodefinicion.de/fonologia/

it studies

sounds as part of laungage

this means that

we can omit a lot of details on how you actually produce a sound.

also

the phonology have some distinctions

usually called

features

the most basic unit of phonological structure that may be analyzed in phonological theory

are

grouped into categories according to the natural classes of segments

they describe

place

The features that specify the place of articulation.

manner

The features that specify the manner of articulation

laryngeal

The features that specify the glottal states of sounds

major class

The features that represent the major classes of sounds

Structure

EaP Plus Eastern Partnership (2018). project_structure_v01 [Imagen]. From https://www.eap-plus.eu/project/structure

refers to

Syntax

Jaen, M. (2017). sintaxis [Image]. From https://comocrearunalengua.com/2017/04/06/ una-nueva-lengua-sintaxis/

The Ling Space. (2014, November 5). Syntactic Trees and X' Theory. [Video] Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7UOcoQr0hvg

The study of sentences and their order

can be organized for

Questions words

varies the position in the sentence

English: What does John eat? Japanese: John what eats?

Prepositions

can

varies the order in different languages.

English: with a black cat Japanese: black cat with

Adjective and noun

AN or NA

English: with a black dog Spanish: con un perro negro

Word order

If I have three parts of a sentence (Subject - Verb - Object)

can be organized

SVO - SOV - VSO VOS - OSV - OVS

An example is

English: Jake drinks juice. Japanese: Jake juice drinks

Morphology

Khan (2018). 31141a7158e9600fa4da6700d4c303ee [Image]. From https://co.pinterest.com/pin/392657661256760313/

Aze Linguistics. (2019, July 31). What is morphology? [Video] Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TqAtAqGqU28

the study of the internal structure of words

that is

how words are composed of smaller, meaningful units

specifically

Morphemes

according these

can distinguish four types of languages

Polysynthetic language.

a language in which words are composed of many morphemes

Agglutinative lanhuage

a language in which words are made up of a linear sequence of distinct morphemes

each component of meaning is represented by its own morpheme

Fusional language

a language in which one form of a morpheme can simultaneously encode several meanings

Isolating language

a type of language with a very low morpheme per word ratio

and

no inflectional morphology whatsoever

these are

All of the bits, the base and the affixes

Aze Linguistics. (2019, September 25). Affix, Root, Stem, Base. [Video] Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3X8Q4gPQPsI&t=157s

For example

Uncovering Un- cover- ing affix base affix prefix suffix