Categorising LLS

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Categorising LLS

Oxford (1990)

Social

The interaction with other learners to improve language learning and cultural understanding

Affective

on of emotions, motivation and attitude towards learning

Compensatory

Using context to make up for missing information in reading and writing

Metacognitive

Controlling own cognition through the co-ordination of the planning, organisation and evaluation of the learning process

Mnemonic

Making associations between new and already known information through use of formula, phrase, verse

Cognitive

Making associations between new and already known information

Rubin (1987)

Social Strategies

Contribute indirectly towards learning

Activities that expose learners to practise their knowledge

Communication Strategies

Less directly related to language learning since their focus is on the process of participating in a conversation and getting meaning across or clarifying what the speaker intended.

O'Malley (1985)

Socioeffective Strategies

Cooperation and questions for clarification

Metacognitive Strategies

Strategies which require planning for learning, thinking about learning process, monitoring of ones production comprehension and evaluating learning after an activity is completed

Cognitive Strategies

Repetition, resourcing, translation, grouping, note taking, deduction, recombination, imagery, auditory representation, keyword, contextualization, elaboration, transfer, inferencing

Limited to certain learning task consisting more direct manipulation of learning material itself