Concept Map 1

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Concept Map 2

Metabolism

Catabolic

pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simple molecules

Exergonic: no energy required, endergy is released

Not Spontaneous reaction: free energy is positive

Anabolic

pathway that consumes energy to build larger complex molecules

Endergonic: energy is required, energy is absorbed

Spontaneous reaction: free energy is negative

Cell Signaling

Aldosterone Pathway

Signal moves through the membrane

Signal binds to the receptor, changes its shape and activates the receptor

Active Receptor travels into the nucleus and binds to DNA

Transcription occurs which produces mRNA

mRNA leaves the nucleus, ribosomes bind and translation occurs, producing a protein.

G Protein signaling pathway

Signal binds to the GPCR which changes its shape and activates it

GCPR binds to G protein, bound by GTP, which activates the G protein

Activated G protein binds to the adenylyl cyclase. GTP hydrolyzes which activates adenylyl cyclase and changes its shape.

Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP

cAMP activates pka which leads to cell response

Enzymes

Feedback Inhibition

The end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway by going back to the first enyme and binding to its allopsteric site.

Cooperativity

The binding of one substrate molecule to the active site of one subunit locks all other subunits into the active shape.

Allosteric Regulation

Allosteric activator

A regulatory molecule binds to the allosteric site of an enzyme an locks it in its active form. Substrates can bind.

Allosteric inhibitor

A regulatory molecule binds to the allosteric site of an enzyme an locks it in its in-active form. Substrates can't bind.

Inhibition

Non-competitive Inhibition

An inhibitor binds to a site other than the allosteric site, and changes teh enzyme's shape. Even if the substrate binds the active site, the ezyme no longer works.

Competitive Inhibition

An inhibitor binds to the active site of an enzyme. This doesn't allow for the substrate to bind and it stops the enzyme for functioning.

Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis

Without O2

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Outputs: Lactate, NAD+

Alchohol Fermentation

Inputs: 2 Pyruvate, NADH

Outputs: Ethanol NAD+

with O2

Inputs: 1 glucose, 2 ATP

Step 1: glucose binds to hexokinase and with ATP becomes G6P.

Step 2: G6P becomes F6P

Step 3: F6P binds to the phospho-fructo-kinase enzyme and with ATP becomes fructose 1,6 bi-phosphate

Step 4 + 5: That fructose 1,6 biphosphate becomes 2 G3P

pyruvate oxidation

Inputs: 2 pyruvate

Products: 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 Co2, 2 NADH

Citric Acid Cycle

Inputs: Acetyl CoA

Step 1: Oxaloacitate goes to an enzyme and with Acetyl CoA becomes Citrate.

Step 2: Citrate becomes Isocitrate.

Step 3: Isocitrate becomes alpha ketogluta and NADH is released.

Other Steps: 2 NADH, ATP, FADH are formed.

Products: 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH

Oxidative Phosphorelation

Inputs: 10 NADH, 2 FADH

Electron Transport Chain:

Cyt c

Q

Complex I

NADH transfers electrons to complex I

Complex II

FADH2 transfers electrons to complex II

Complex IV

O2 + H+ = H20

Outputs: H2O, about 26 - 28 ATP

Complex III

Chemosmosis

ATP Synthase

Here, H+ in the intermembrane space, go back down their concentration gradient. This energy is used to add an inorganic phosphate to ADP to form ATP

Membranes

Structure

phospholipid bilayer

Fluidity

helps regulated fluidity when too rigid or too fluid

Unsaturated fats

higher diffusion+ fluid

saturated fats

lower diffusion+ rigid

Temperature

lower temp= rigid

high temp= fluid

Transport

Permeability (high to low)

small, nonpolar > small, uncharged polar > large, uncharged polar > ions

Cotransport

when active transport indirectly transport of another

sucrose/H+: H+ drives sucrose in when H+ is pumped out of the cell and a gradient is created

Active

Uses energy to transport solute against its concentration gradient

electrogenic pump

Phases:

Resting State: na and k voltage gated pumps are closed

Depolartization: Na pump opens allowing Na to flow in making it less negative (if this hits a threshold it moves on to the rising phase)

Rising Phase: cell becomes positive while K pumps are still closed until action potential is reached

Falling Phase: Some k pumps open while na pumps close making the cell overall negative

Undershoot: the cell uses na/k pump to help return it to the resting phase.

creates a charge gradience generating voltage across a membrane

Na/K Pump

2 K+ in 3 Na+ out

Cells are slightly - because there are fewer positive charges in the cell

1. 3 Na in the cytoplasm bind to the pump

2. phosphorylation via kinase triggered (PO4 attaches to the pump)

3. Pump changes shape and releases Na+ out

4. 2 K+ outside the cell attach to the pump while removing PO4

5. pump returns to its original shape

6. K+ comes off the pump and the cycle repeats

Proton Pump

Bulk Transport

Use vesicles to transport large molecules. membrane stretches to engulf particles

exocytosis

cell ejects substances

endocytosis

cell takes in substances

receptor mediated

uses receptors and ligands to take in molecules

pinocytosis

takes in fluids

phagocytosis

takes in "food" particles

Facilitated

uses proteins and other channels to aid passive diffusion

Carrier proteins

changes shape to move solute

Channels

channel that allows water/solute to enter (no shape change)

Ion Channels

gated

voltage

opens/ closes when membrane potential changes

ligand

opens/closes when ligand binds to a receptor

stretch

opens/closes when deformed

ungated

constantly openn

Passive

diffusion down a concentration gradient w/out using energy

Tonicity

ability to cause cell to gain/lose water

Hypertonic sol.

relatively higher concentration compared to the cell

Plant: Plasmolyzed animal: shriveled

Isotonic sol.

same concentration as the cells

Plant: Flaccid animal: normal (ideal)

hypotonic sol.

relatively lower concentration compared to the cell

Plants: turgid (ideal) animal: lysed

Osmosis (H2O moves to areas with higher concentration)

Step 6 + 7: The two G3P become 2 pyruvate and 4 ATP, 2 NADH are produced.

x2

Products: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH

Inputs: 2 Acetyl CoA

Products: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

Net Total: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

Payoff Phase

trans & cis

Energy Investment Phase

Examples

Concept Map 1

Biomolecules

Lipids

Steroids

4 fused carbon rings

Hormones

Cholesterol

Low-Density Lipoprotein

deposits extra cholesterol in blood cells which can lead to plaque buildup.

High-Density Lipoprotein

helps remove excess cholesterol by taking it to the liver for excretion

Phospholipids

Function

forms phospholipid bilayers in cell membrane

amphipathic

phosphate group

2 fatty acids

glycogen

Triglycerides (Fats)

fatty acids (3)

Unsaturated

liquid at room temp.

double bonds

Saturated

solid at room temp.

No double bonds

Glycerol

Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

Structural

Cellulose

linear structure

b (1,4) glycosidic linkages

No branching

Storage

Glycogen (animals)

Extensively Branched

Starch (plants)

Amylopectin

a (1,4), a (1,6) glycosidic linkages

Branched

Amylose

helical structure

a (1,4) glycosidic linkages

Unbranched

Disaccharides

Maltose(glucose+glucose)

Lactose (glucose+galactose)

Sucrose (glucose+fructose)

Monosaccharides

Aldoses

Ketoses

Trioses (3C)

Pentoses (5C)

Hexoses (6C)

Proteins

Structure

Quatenary

multiple tertiary protiens

Tertiary

Disulfide Bonds

R group interactions

Secondary

H-Bonds

Alpha + Beta Structures

Primary

Amino Acids

Peptide Bonds

DNA/RNA

Monomer

Nucleic Acids

Phosphate Group

Nitrogenous Base

RNA

U

DNA

A,T,C,G

Pentane Sugar

Ribose=RNA

Deoxyribose=DNA

Polymer

DNA= 2x strand RNA= 1 strand

Phosphodiester Linkage (5,3)

Eukaryotic/ Prokaryotic Cells

Double Membrane Bounded

Cells in plants and animals

Nucleus

Chromatin

Nucleolus

Nuclear Envelope

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Cytoskeleton

microtubules

microfilaments

Golgi Apparatus

responsible for the synthesis and secretion of a cells products

Plasma Membrane

Mitochondria

where cellular respiration occurs and ATP is generated

Plant Cells

Cell Wall

maintains cell shape and protects cells from mechanical damage

Central Vacuole

used for storage, breaking down waste & hydrolysis of macromolecules

Plasmodesmata

channels through cell walls that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent cells

Chloroplast

converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar cells

Animal Cells

Lysosomes

Where macromolecules are hydrolized

Centrosome

region where microtubules are initiated

Domains of life

Eukarya

Bacteria

Components

Fimbrae

Cell Wall

Flagellum

Plasma Membranes

Ribosomes

Nucleoid

Archaea

Extremophiles

Extreme Halophiles

methanogens

Extreme thermophiles

Chemical Bonds

Intermolecular Forces

Ionic (electrons transferred)

Covalent (electrons shared)

Electronegativity

<2.5

nonpolar

>2.5

Polar

Water Properties

Structure Based

Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Interactions

High Surface Tension

Universal Solvent

Temperature Based

High Specific Heat

Expands when Freezing

Denser as a liquid

High Heat of vaporization

Intramolecular Interactions

Hydrophobic Interactions

Van der Waals

Hydrogen Bonding

Ion-Dipole

Dipole-Dipole