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which are

autosomal diseases

Because they are paired

they all

can be observed

karyotyping

affects

several genes

diseases and/or syndromes

like

Klinefelter

sex chromosome

long

legs

arms

sterile male

Down syndrome

chromosome 21

facial features

short neck

in learning

Turner

one sex chromosome

characterized by

short structure

sterile female

two hydrogen bonds

three hydrogen bonds

to separate

unify together

guanine

adenine

cytosine

complement each other

keeping the two stands

together

based on the work of

Rosalind Frank

Edwin Cargaff

base complementary

"DNA of any species

Crystal structure of DNA

X-Ray Diffraction

helical shape of the DNA

equal amounts

DNA

Nucleotides

phosphate group

attaches to

5' carbon of sugar

3' to next carbon

pattern of sugar-phosphate

stable structure

held together

ester bonds

base pairs

single ring

double ring

Made of

4 oxygen atoms

1 phosphorus atom

deoxyribose

forms

Cyclic

used in DNA

Beta deoxyribose in DNA

Linear

Consists of

5 carbon atoms

1 oxygen atom

10 hydrogen atoms

held by

phosphodiester bonds

Pentose sugar

Pentagonal ring shape

Nitrogenous base

Complementary

Pyrimidines

Single-ring

Cytosine

Thymine

Purines

Double ring

Guanine

Adenine

Codes

codon

64 possible codons

codes for a specific amino acid

encoded by more than one codon

steps a code goes through

transcription

RNA processing

Translation

Protein modification

Transport

cells/outside cells

chain is folded/modified

proteins are assembled

modifying mRNA molecule

messenger mRNA

RNA polymerase

genetics codes in humans

the same

everyone has codes for arms

sequences of nucleotides

genetic instructions for organism

cellular machinery

ribosomes

produce proteins

chains of amino acids

Interesting Facts

Throughout evolution

over 500 DNA codes

6 ft in each cell

30,000 genes

3 billion base pairs

Human genome

99% identical

not all DNA is genes

only 2% are genes

"Junk DNA"

epigenetics

DNA can be Modified

DNA makes RNA

RNA makes protein

no life

Don't have DNA

Other types of blood

have DNA

DNA...

Undergoes tiny mutations daily

can be two sets in 1 person

chimerism

Capable of change

Frequency change by mutagens

randomly during repliction

from Various Sources

Hair and skin cells

can be damaged

Radiation

Chemicals

Replication

2 DNA molecules

2 strands each

Semiconservative

One strand

newly formed

Other strand

old

Enzymes

Helicase

hydrogen bonds

helix is separated

DNA Polymerase

addition of nucleotides

growing strand

Through

Transcription

RNA

from DNA

similar to DNA

with some differences

single stranded

different sugar

ribose

another nucleoside

uracil

thymine

replication fork

multiple

Inside the nucleus

where replication can occur

S-phase

Nucleus of cell in eukaryotes

Hereditary material

which was determined by

Avery

McCarthy

MacLeopd

Mitosis and Meiosis

DNA is replicated and distributed

make new cells

DNA stay alive

it passes on to next generations

Mitosis creates to identical cells

DNA is not degraded

No recovering dead DNA

Mutations

can occur in

gene

occurs by errors in DNA replication

nucleotide

is altered

which its influence is low

some diseases

can occur

Huntington Syndrome

Cystic Fibrosis

hemophilia

sex-linked diseases

sickle cell anemia

chromosomes

alterations

number

structure

sequence in the DNA

mutations can be inherited

change of the proteins

can occur in DNA replication

Double helix

proposed by

Watson

James Creek

Prokaryotic DNA

is

not tightly packed

not bound with proteins

no chromatin structure

nucleoid-associated proteins.

small and less complex

single circular chromosome

lacks transposons

unlike eukaryotic DNA

mobile DNA segments

not much DNA

doesn't contain introns

non-coding regions

coding regions

making proteins

double helix

double-stranded

Circular DNA

found in cytoplasm

found in plasmids