Human Energy Systems and Muscle Fibres

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Human Energy Systems and Muscle Fibres

ATP

-adenosine triphosphate

-energy currency of the human body

- allows for the muscles in the body to contract, producing movement

1 molecule of ATP is produced in ATP-PC 2 molecules of ATP are produced in glycolysis 36 molecules of ATP are produced in cellular respiration

3 Metabolic Pathaways

Cellular Respiration (aerobic)

examples would be a marathon or a soccer match

over two minutes of activity

36 molecules ATP produced/ molecule glucose

through various metabolic pathways in the mitochondria

refers to the process in which body's cell use oxygen to generate energy

Glycolysis (anaerobic lactic)

examples are speed skating, medium distance track events, and a shift in hockey

yeilds to ATP/ glucose molecule

lactic acid is produced in the abscence of oxygen, creating a burning feeling in the muscle

high level of performance for 100 seconds

second anaerobic pathway

allows longer bursts of energy

doesnt involve oxygen (anaerobic)

lactic acid is a byproduct

partial breakdown of glucose

ATP-PC (anaerobic alactic)

examples are weightlifting, 100m sprint, and shot put

Yields enough ATP for 10-15 seconds of strenuous activity

First of 2 anaerobic systems

Relies on the action of phosphocreatine (compound normally stored in muscle)

"alactic" does not produce lactic acid as a byproduct

Allows for quick, intense muscle contractions

Draws on processes deep within the muscle fibre

Energy Sources

Glycogen, fats and proteins

they are broken down to produce ATP during exerzise

provides energy during exercise for a prolonged period of time

used as an energy source for the Aerobic Lactic system

Glucose

broken down into pyruvate, which is then converted to lactate

provides energy quickly

used as an energy source for Anaerobic Lactic system

Creatine Phosphate

provides quick short lasting energy.

Used as an energy source for the Anaerobic Alactic system

Myoglobin

fast twitch (pale) muscle fibres are low in myoglobin and more adapted to short bursts of energy

slow twitch (red) muscle fibres are high in myoglobin and ideal for endurance

a protein oxygen storage unit that delivers oxygen to the muscles

Muscle Fibre Types

fast twitch: pale in color can tense and relax quickly generates large amounts of tension with low endurance levels

type 2b

high level of enzymes necessary for quick contraction

stores lots of oxygen (without requiring oxygen)

type 2a

allows high speed energy release and glycolytic capacity

interediate type muscle fibres

slow twitch: red/dark in color generate and relax tension slowly maintains low tension level for long periods of time ex. long distance running

type 1

depends on aerobic processes

more fatigue resistance

generates energy slowly

2 Energy Systems

Aerobic System

Aerobic System (Cellular Respiration)

-Involves many enzynes and several complex sub-pathways (leads to the complete breakdown of glucose)

-A seperate but to some extent overlapping energy system

-With oxygen (required).

Anaerobic system

Anaerobic lactic (glycolysis)

Anaerocic Alactic (ATP-PC)

- Without oxygen (not required).

- Can occur in two seperate metabolic pathaways (1 involving the breakdown of glucose and the other a partial breakdown)

Nutrients

chemical substances obtained from food

three key energy nutrients are carbohydrates proteins and fats, with carbs being the most important

needed to obtain energy for survival

body requires nutrients to perform life functions

builds and repairs tissue

regulates cellular activities

supplies energy to the body