Innate immunity

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Innate immunity

Innate immune response

Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis event -Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte -Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte -Formation of a phagosome -Fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome -Digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes -Formation of residual body containing indigestible material -Discharge of waste materials

-Professional phagocytes :Neutrophils, Monocytes/Macrophages -Non-professional phagocytes: Epithelial cells,Fobroblast,Dendritic cells

Humoral substance of innate immunity

Cytokines, mediators, complement system

Peripheral blood immune cells

Monocytes

Basophils

Eosinophils

Dendritic cells : professional APCs

Neutrophils: a professional phagocytic cell

NK cells : distinc from T and B cells in that lacks antigen-specificity and recognize on MHC I

Tissue immune cells

Macrophage -Professional phagocytosis cells -Professional APCs

Intraepithelial lymphocyte (IELs)

Recognition of pathogens

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

Type of PRRs - Toll-like receptors (TLRs) - NOD-like receptors (NLRs) - RIG-like receptors (RLRs) - C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)

Stimuli

DAMPs : derived from host cell

PAMPs : derived from components of microorganism

Characteristic of innate immunity

No memory

Non-specific responses

Rapid/quick response

Stimulation of adaptive immunity

T cell activation and differentiation

Th2 -antibody-mediated immunity -extracellular parasites -asthma, allergy

Th1 -cell-mediated immunity and inflammation -intracellular pathogens -autoimmunity -inflammation

Activation of adaptive immunity

Interplay between innate and adaptive immunity

Inflammation and cell recruitment

Chronic inflammation

Granulomatous inflammation

Accute inflammation

-Local inflammatory response -Systemic inflammatory response : Interaction of various cytokines -Acute phase protein: C-reactive protein

Anti-viral immunity

Anti-viral by type I IFN(alpha and beta) or IFN-I

Barrier defense of human body

Biological barriers : normal flora

Chemical barriers : lysozyme, low stomach pH, mucous membranes, anti-microbial peptides

Mechanical/Physical barrier : skin,ciliary clearance