PSY 370

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Retrieval

Consolidation

Encoding

Important studies

Important titles of theories/ideas

Making/Retaining Memories

3. Retrieval: recalling/reactivating the trace

False Memory

Retrieval process has a period where the information is subject to influence

Your memory can be manipulated

Repeated interviews and discussions, & features of how they are conducted, can cause a false memory to form

Trustworthy, authoritative rapport between interviewer and participant

Guided imagery

Social pressure to retrieve memory

"Incontrovertible eyewitness testimonies" presented

Asking participants to generate details for fake memories increases their "recall" of the fake memory

Forgetting

Memory is fragile at encoding, but becomes stronger with time & rehearsal

Older memories are more difficult to retrieve because there is competition from other memories

New information can interfere with retrieval

New memories interfere with remembering old information

Old memories interfere with learning new information

Passage of time erodes memory traces after encoding

Cues

More cues allow for better recall

Transfer-appropriate processing effect

Match between encoding and retrieval conditions

Similar learning and testing context = better recall performance

2. Consolidation: storage of the trace

After existing memories are retrieved or reactivated, they must be actively re-stored

Disrupting events in the brain can impair recently retrieved memories

Episodic memory for details of an emotional story is worse in those who underwent ECT immediately after reading the story than in those who did not get shocked

By disrupting the activity in the amygdala(blocking protein synthesis/structural changes), this could stop reconsolidation of the fearful memory

Antibiotic injected into rats' amygdala immediately after one trial of fear conditioning; when presented with CS, much less CR shown in groups given high doses of antibiotic

The act of retrieving a memory brings it back to a fragile state

Old memories are vulnerable to loss or disruption for a time window after reactivation

The memory is solidified gradually after the encoding event

Brain injuries appear to cause loss of recently formed memories, not older memories

ECT + TV show knowledge

Selective loss of more recent TV shows after receiving shock

Rats trained to run a maze, then given a shock to the head

Time window between completion of training and administration of shock varied among groups

Better maze learning

Poorer maze learning

Head trauma may disrupt time-sensitive changes in the nervous system

A pattern of memory loss observed after head trauma

There exists a brief period of time before the head injury that the person cannot remember

A memory trace is fragile when first formed

Changes in the nervous system

Time

the nervous system

1. Encoding: creating the trace

Depth of Processing

Deeper processing = better encoding

Shallow, Intermediate, and Deep Groups

Greatest retention in Deep, least retention in Shallow

Meaning of the words is considered more in Deep than in Shallow

Associations to Existing Memories

If the related information precedes the target information, then...

Related information can enhance recall

Conscious Attention

Exposure alone is not enough