SumrunSheikh_MindMap_DNAwesomeRD

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DNA sequencing

DNA Cloning

Cloning

Animals

Dolly the lamb

Plants

Totipotent

Stem cell

Embryonic and Adult Stem Cells

Pluripotent

iPS

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Denaturation

Annealing

Extension

Cycle 2

Cycle 3

Gene inserted into plasmid

Plasmid put into bacterial cell

Host cell grown to form clone of cells

Genes used in different ways

Recombinant DNA

Restriction enzyme cuts sugar phosphate backbones

DNA fragment from another source is added

DNA ligase seals the strands

Recombinant Plasmid

Next Generation sequencing

Genomic DNA is fragmented

Fragment isolated

Fragment is copied

Bead placed into a small well to hybidize

In each well, nucleotide is joined

Nucleotide is washed off

Process is repeated

DNA sequence is denatured

Synthesis of new strands

Labeled strands are separated

Thylakoid Space

Stroma

Thylakoids

Chlorophyll

Stomata

Stoma

Mesophyll

Phospholipid Bilayer

Non-Polar

Hydrophobic

Hydrophillic

Photosystems

Linear Electron Flows

Photosystem I

Photosystem II

Electron Transport Chain

Reaction-center complex

Primary Electron Acceptor

Light-Harvesting complex

6CO2 + 12H20 + Light E --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Active Site

Enzymes

Inhibitor

Feedback Inhibition

Allosteric Activation

Cooperativity

Noncompetitive Inhibition

Competitive Inhibition

Normal Binding

Coenzymes

Cofactors

Substrates

Catalysts

Activation Energy

Energy Coupling

Phosphorylated Intermediate

Hydrolysis

Mechanical Work

Transport Work

Chemical Work

Flagella

Second Law

Entropy

Delta G

Delta G = Delta H - T (Delta S)

T: Temperature (K)

Delta H: Enthalpy

Delta S: Change in Entropy

Non-spontaneity

Delta G is Positive

Spontaneity

Delta G is Negative

First Law

Hypotonic

Hypertonic

Acids and Bases

Ocean Acidification

Buffers

PoH

Base

PH

Acid

Scale

1-14

Basic

>7

Neutral

=7

Acidic

<7

Hydroxide Ion (OH-)

Hydrogen Ion (H+)

Floating topic

Chemical Groups

Methyl

-CH3

Phosphate

3 Phosphates

Adenosine

-OPO3 2-

Sulfhydryl

-SH

Amino

-NH2

Carboxyl

-COOH

Carbonyl

>C=O

Hydroxyl

-OH

Molecules

Nonpolar Molecule

Polar Molecule

Organic Molecules

Variation

Enantiomers

Cis - Trans Isomers

Structural Isomers

CHONPS

Molecular Shape/Function

Double Bond

Triple Bond

Single Bond

Bonds

Atomic Mass

Atomic Number

Atomic Nucleus

Matter

Elements

Carbon

Hydrocarbons

Carbon Skeletons

Rings

Double Bond Position

Branching

Length

6 Electrons

Isotopes

Radioactive Isotopes

Atoms

Neutrons

Electrons

Electron Orbitals

Up to 8 Electrons

Valence Electron/Shells

Chemical Bonds

Chemical Reactions

Metabolic Pathway

Anabolic

Catabolic

Make Bonds

Break Bonds

Van Der Waals

Hydrogen Bonds

Reason Ice Floats on Water

Adhesion

Cohesion

Surface Tension

Water

Solvent

Solution

Solute

Aqueous Solution

Subtopic

Heat of Vaporization

Evaporative Cooling

High Specific Heat

Temperature

Heat

Calorie

Ionic Bond

Anions

Cations

Covalent Bonds

Attraction: Electronegativity

Nonpolar

Polar

s, p, d, f

Lose Energy

Absorb Energy

Energy

Laws of Energy

Thermodynamics

Chemical Energy

Thermal Energy

Kinetic Energy

Potential Energy

Energy Levels of Electrons

Free Energy

Endergonic

Exergonic

Protons

Ex) Copper

Trace Elements

Essential elements

Compounds

Ex) NaCl

Cell

Transportation

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Potassium Pump

Homologous Chromosomes

Sodium Pump

Division

Sister Chromatids

Meiosis

Telophase 1

Anaphase 1

Metaphase 1

Prometaphase 1

Prophase 1

Mitosis

Metaphase

Centromeres

Telophase

Anaphase

Cell Plate

Cleavage Furrow

Prometaphase

Centrosomes

Prophase

Kinetochore

Communication

Signaling Molecule

Growth hormone

Epinephrine

First Messengers

Cell Junction

Gap Junctions

Tight Junctions

Plasmodesmata

Signaling Hormones

Receiving Cell

Receptors

Local Signal

Synapse

Long Distance Signaling

Blood Vessel

Signal Transduction pathway

Receptor tyrosine kinases

Tyrosines

Dimerization

Phosphorylation Cascade

Kinsaes

Protein Kinase A

Protein Kinase

Transcription factor

Cellular Response

Growth

Apoptosis

Phosphotases

G-Protein Coupled receptor

Protein

Cytoplasm

cAMP

Phosphodiesterase

Second messengers

G-Protein

GDP

GTP

Components

Biological Molecules

Carbohydrates

polysaccharide

Storage Polysaccharides

Cellulose

Glycogen

Starch

Amylopectin

Amylose

disaccharide

lactose

monosaccharide

glucose

Nucleic Acids

nucleosides

Pentose sugar

Deoxyribose

Ribose

RNA

rRNA

nucleotides

Nitrogeneous base

ACGTU

Phosphate groups

Proteins

Types

Integral Proteins

Trans-membrane Proteins

Aquaporins

Transport Proteins

Amino Acids

Primary Structure

Secondary Structure

Tertiary Structure

Quaternary Structure

Beta sheet

Alpha helix

Lipids

Fatty acids

Unsaturated

Saturated

Plant Cells

Photosynthesis

Calvin Cycle

Phases

Regeneration

G3P

Cycle 3 Times

Sugar

Carbon Fixation

CO2

Carbohydrate

Light Reactions

O2

Photophosphorylation

ADP

Solar Energy to Chemical Energy

Nature of Sunlight

Electromagnetic energy

Electromagnetic Wavelengths

Wavelengths

Action Specrum

Photons

Excited State

Cyclic Electron Flow

Fluorescence

Electromagnetic Radiation

Visible Light

Light Receptors

Pigments

Accessory Pigments

Carotenoids

Photoprotection

Reflect

Absorb

Absorption Spectrum

Chlorophyll b

Chlorophyll a

Spectrophotometer

Electromagnetic Spectrum

NADP+

NADPH

Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

Splits H2O

Electron Carrier

Electroins

NADH

Pyruvate

Pyruvate Oxidation

Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation

ATP

Chemeiosmosis

Net 36-38 ATP per Glucose

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

ATP Synthase

Cytochrome C

Ubiquinone

Complex 4

Complex 3

Complex 2

Complex 1

Proton Pumps

H+

FADH2

Acetyl CoA

Gluucose

Aerobic Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration

Cytosol

Fermentation

Alcohol

Ethanol

Yeast

Lactice Acid

Muscle Cells

Redox Reactions

Reduction

Oxidation

Isotonic

Turgid

Flaccid

Plasmolyzed

Animal Cells

Shriveled

Normal

Lysed

Structure

Mitochondrial Matrix

Granum

Mitochondria

Inner Membrane

Inter-membrane Space

Cell Membrane

Cell Capsule

Nucleoid

Chromosomal DNA

Pilus

Chloroplast

Thylakoid Membrane

Microvilli

Vacoule

Plasma Membrane

Cytoskeleton

Microtubles

Intermediate Filaments

Microfilaments

Cell Wall

Organelles

Centrosome

Peroxisome

Lysosomes

Apparatus

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth ER

Rough ER

Nucleus

Chromatin

Nuclear Envelope

Nucleolus

Nuclear Membrane

Nuclear Pores

DNA

Transcription

Initiation

Downstream

Upstream

Promoter

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

RNA polymerase III

RNA polymerase II

RNA polymerase I

Translation

Ribosomes

small subunit

large subunit

binding sites

polypeptide

mRNA binding site

Exit site

Aminoacyl site

Peptidyl site

tRNA

amino acid

anticodon

upstream

promoter

RNA polymerase

RNA transcript

poly-A tail

5' cap

pre-mRNA

Intron splicing

mRNA

Nucleotides