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sink
other processes
storage
growth
metabolism
loading carbon into the pholem
transport to different sinks in plants
water
distribution of organic nutrients
transportation
cohesion
cohesion-tension theory
3.then pulled up the plant stem
2.water molecules in xylem under tension
1. water pulled through a leaf
hydrogen bonds make water molecules stick
water concentration different from solute concentration
water moves in/out a cell
moves from high to low concentration
water molecules diffuse across a membrane
transpiration
water evaporates from living surface
actively pump compounds to direction wants to go
use another class of membrane proteins
to transport against concentration gradient
movement of material using energy
pinocytosis
molecules dissolved to liquid
necessary for cell
cell drinking
phagocytosis
cell engulfs
particles into its cytoplasm
other cells
macromolecules
cell eating
secretory vesicle
from Golgi body or ER
Move large amounts of material out/in cell
ions cant pass through simple diffusion
spontaneous passage of molecules/ions
across the membrane
reactions
cell has equal concentration of water
isotonic
same concentration
area of high to low area of water concentration
movement of water down concentration gradient
special diffusion
no energy to move particles
particles move at equal rates
from high to low concentration
from area of high concentration to low concentration
forms closed boundaries
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
from the pancreas, normally digest food
trouble gaining weight
slow growth
poor digestion
hard to breathe
scarring in lungs
coal dust inhaled
affect lung function
triggers inflammation
sore throat
nasal congtestion
sneezing
chlorine
noxious gas
leads to lung disease
sometimes premature death
stroke
heart attacks
risk of lung cancer
genetic disorders caused by
“the cystic fibrosis gene
variants alter/eliminate gene’s function
Turner’s Syndrome
Klinefelter Syndrome
Down Syndrome
Edwards Syndrome
Patau’s Syndrome
resulting offspring have extra/missing chromosomes
occur when an error in cell division
result in inviable embryos
failing to separate correctly
dihybrid cross
occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis
alleles of different genes
independently segregate from one another
heterozygous
homozygous
allele pair separate from each other
each gamete receives1 pair
of gene during formation of gametes
in response to another
analogous features
similar phenotype
live similar environment
homologous features
evolve different traits
diversifying selection
hybrid breakdown
two hybrids mate
offspring weak/sterile
crossed species viable/fertile
hybrid sterility
infertile
gamete not produced
hybrid inevitability
unlikely live long
fertilisation successful
between related species
zygote/embryo
fails develop properly
gametic isolation
gametes die
before uniting gametes
mechanical isolation
structural differences
stop gamete exchange
behavioural isolation
little/no sexual attraction
habitat isolation
breed different habitats
temporal isolation
breeding different times
reproduction happens
before zygote happens
sometimes dont occur
from producing
viable hybrid offspring
fertile
split
share same location
new species
can origniate
same area of parents
differnt gene pools
diversification of
common ancestrol species
into adapted species
aquatic species
separated
from construction dams
sncestral population
seperated
from geological barrier
produce
viable offspring
towards extreme
to an extreme
rather than intermediate
elimination extreme phenotype
breeder chooses traits
on bark
predator can easily see
reproduction decreases
blend with dark areas
hard for predator see
helps organism survive
better in environment
reproduce/survive less
survive/reproduce more
evolution takes natural selection
main idea
environment combination of
environmental influence
random variations
proposed mechanism
related by decent
not created in present
evolved from ancestral species
inheritance acquired characteristics
organisms have
pass trait to offspring
uses organ to grow
no organ, its small
perfection
complexity
beilived
organisms had a maker
god
uniformitarianism
geological change
geological time
millions of years old
gradual
slow
theory of actualism
geological formations of land forms
catastrophism
extinct life forms
replaced with new species
global castrophes
widespread extinctions
adaptation
work of creator
variations imperfections
decides
structure organisms
function organisms
species specially created
# of them same
no change
characteristics change
simple forms
change in genes
takes many generations
greater selective advantage
greater diversity
in the DNA
new alleles in population
in both populations
through flow or movement
of genes
different allele frequencies
from one population
to another
from migration of individuals
of homozygous in a population
dosent affect
alleles frequencies
based on phenotype
for mates
through visual display
through combat
you forgot to state that the gradual change in allele frequencies may lead to speciation.
certain traits
better suited survive
reproduce other populations
than others
some produce
more offspring than others
genotype
phenotype
join population
form changing
allele frequencies
between different population
through migration
differences DNA sequences
different organisms
recombined and produce
new combination alleles
in body cells
not passed on
during cell division
exposure
mutagens
ionization radiation
mostly known as Darwin theory
divides Asian/Australian animals
change over time
species change over time
share common ancestor
algae
amoeba
or heterotrophic
can be autotrophic
look like blob of slime
plant cell like wall
animal cell like membrane
one or many nuclei
no tissues/organs
sometimes a colony cell
thermophiles
halophiles
methanogens
few species photosynthetic
capture the energy of sunlight
derive their energy and nutrients
from breaking down molecules in the environment
chemotrophs
Archaellum
Tail-like structures assist in the movement
Pilus
cell attachment
Ribosome
protein synthesis.
Cell wall
structure/protection from outside environment
Cell membrane
separates cell from outside environment
Cytoplasm
Cellular fluid
Plasmid
DNA physically separated from chromosomal DNA.
Nucleoid
contains its DNA
semi rigid cell wall
protects form environment
lacks:
membrane
nucleus
single cell organism
Salmonella
Escherichia Coli
take food from outside sources
heterotrophs
DNA not in a nucleus
lack cell organelles
enclosed by a cell wall
made of cross linked chains
lack nucleus
single celled
circular chromosome
prokaryotic
mildews
sac fungi
mushrooms
molds
yeast
considered heterotrophs
cant produce own food
get nutrients from:
dead matter
animals
beneficial for vegetarians
decompose deceased organic compounds
from organic compounds
thread like filaments
hyphae/hypa
dived into cells (septa hyphae)
compared to bacterial plasmids
loops of DNA
bound nucleus
has membrane
eukaryotic/multicellular organism
cows
feed of plants/animals
cant produce own food (heterotrophs)
no cell wall
has membrane bound nucleus/organelles
enclosed by plasma membrane
eukaryotic cells
multicellular
liverworts
mosses
kelp
seaweed
considered autotrophic
create nutrition through photosynthesis
nucleus/chloroplast also there
regular plant cell look
cell wall surrounding cell membrane
have tissues/organs
eukaryotic/multicellular organisms
remembers antibody that worked on it
may have infection
cause inflammation
COVID-19
Sars-COV-2
HIV
have no affect
or make it stronger
DNA inserts into hosts DNA
genetic info takes over control of host cell
single stranded RNA in capsid
double stranded DNA in capsid
may/may not be species specific
enclosed in an evelope
nucleic acid core
contains DNA or RNA
contains capsid
viruses inactive
four footed animals
birds
classified as what they produce
wood
vegetable
fruit
useless
harmful
useful
the "economy of nature"
first naturalist to describe food chains
ecology around natures concept
collection of specimen
invaluable resource of taxonomy
compromise specimen of :
insects
shells
fish
plants
higher level classication
7 seven levels of taxa
binomial nomenclature
organism: two part scientific names
Taxonomy
history of taxonomy
1000 species grouped by kingdoms
grouped animals by habitat
identified by complexity
assigning organism to a group
naming an organism
structural
physical
relationship from DNA
simialr pattern of DNA
gene sequences
genes for traits change by mutation
from their offspring
species pass their traits
dofgs related to bears
whales related to ungulates
inhertied from the acenstor
different species evolve , different origin
no common evolutionary origin
homologous hair
found in mammals
similar structural elements
similarities
functional similarity
species not closely related
don't share common ancestor
bones support birds wings
material makes up insets wings
lower limbs of
human/
frog
perform same function
horse
muscles
ligaments
number of bones
blood vessels
differences
differ on organisms
environment
lifestyle
different functions
contain same set of bones
organised similar ways
common ancestor
used for various functions
flying
swimming
running
related species
share adult features
common ancestrol origin
similar embryonic development
example
vertebrata embryos paired pouches
transitional fossils
shares characteristics
common to two seperate groups
links between groups of organism
mold fossils (imprints)
fossil makes a mark
image is backwards
hollow fossil
shows
skin/fur
embryos
claws
teeth
leaves
true form fossils
parts of organism
replaced by minerals
displaced minerals harden
become rock
not formed unsing impression
limbs
torsos
fingers
heads
trace fossils
organism living
how it hunted
how it rested
examples
burrows
nests
footprints
tooth marks
information on traces
species alive in the past
chronological order of rock layers
not all aorganism in fossil record
Subtopic
this is the risk of using images that you don't add to this yourself. this one is missing.
oldest fossil in deepest layer
Earth's continents large land mass
likely organisms lived on Pangaea
organisms split up
fossils dated/found
in multiple continents
with same age
of species populations
factors determine those patterns
evolved in one location
biogeography suppots hypothesis
closely related species found in same habitat
animals resemble those in close continents
lizards found on the canary islands
similar to lizards found in west africa
finches evolved
from mainland migrants
adaptive radiation
geographically close enviorments
populated by realted species
cacti native to deserts of noth/south america
not found naturally in deserts
rather locations geographically separate
same species
in neighbouring continents
darwin and Wallace hypothesized
