カテゴリー 全て - attraction - bonding - forces - molecules

によって Le Jenny 6日前.

27

Chemistry review

Understanding the distribution of electrical charge among atoms is essential for grasping the concept of polarity in chemical bonds. Polarity dictates whether electrons are shared equally or unequally, influencing the nature of the bond as polar, non-polar, or ionic.

Chemistry review

Chemistry review

Intermolecular Forces

Definition: Intermolecular forces are forces of attraction between molecules, which determine physical properties like boiling point, melting point, and solubility.
London Dispersion Forces (Temporary Attraction) -Happens in all molecules, even non-polar ones. -Caused by temporary electron movement, creating tiny weak attractions. -Stronger in bigger molecules with more electrons. Example: Oxygen gas, methane, helium.

Dipole-Dipole Forces (Opposites Attract) -Happens in polar molecules, where one side is slightly positive and the other is slightly negative. -The positive side of one molecule attracts the negative side of another. Example: Hydrogen chloride, methyl chloride.

Hydrogen Bonding – Strong Dipole-Dipole -Special dipole-dipole force when hydrogen is -bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine. -Much stronger than normal dipole-dipole forces. -Makes water stick together, which is why it has a high boiling point. -Example: Water, ammonia, DNA.

polarity

Definition: Polarity is the distribution of electrical charge among the atoms connected by a chemical bond
Polar: Electrons are unequally shared, creating partial charges Non-Polar: Electrons are equally shared between atoms Ionic: Electrons are fully transferred from one atom to another

Functional groups

Definition: A function group is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that determines the molecule's chemical properties and reactions
determines
Examples: Hydroxyl (-OH): Found in alcohols (e.g., ethanol, C₂H₅OH). Carboxyl (-COOH): Found in carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic acid, CH₃COOH). Amino (-NH₂): Found in amines and amino acids (e.g., glycine, NH₂CH₂COOH). Carbonyl (-C=O): Found in ketones and aldehydes (e.g., acetone, CH₃COCH₃)