Chemistry review

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Peer Sample

Szerző: Ali Robinson

HSIE2 Unit of Work

Szerző: Rachel Bevan

GRUPOS DEL KPOP

Szerző: Noemi Presentacion Melgarejo

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Szerző: nada darwish

Chemistry review

Intermolecular Forces

Definition: Intermolecular forces are forces of attraction between molecules, which determine physical properties like boiling point, melting point, and solubility.

London Dispersion Forces (Temporary Attraction) -Happens in all molecules, even non-polar ones. -Caused by temporary electron movement, creating tiny weak attractions. -Stronger in bigger molecules with more electrons. Example: Oxygen gas, methane, helium.

Dipole-Dipole Forces (Opposites Attract) -Happens in polar molecules, where one side is slightly positive and the other is slightly negative. -The positive side of one molecule attracts the negative side of another. Example: Hydrogen chloride, methyl chloride.

Hydrogen Bonding – Strong Dipole-Dipole -Special dipole-dipole force when hydrogen is -bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine. -Much stronger than normal dipole-dipole forces. -Makes water stick together, which is why it has a high boiling point. -Example: Water, ammonia, DNA.

polarity

Definition: Polarity is the distribution of electrical charge among the atoms connected by a chemical bond

Polar: Electrons are unequally shared, creating partial charges Non-Polar: Electrons are equally shared between atoms Ionic: Electrons are fully transferred from one atom to another

Functional groups

Definition: A function group is a specific group of atoms within a molecule that determines the molecule's chemical properties and reactions

Examples: Hydroxyl (-OH): Found in alcohols (e.g., ethanol, C₂H₅OH). Carboxyl (-COOH): Found in carboxylic acids (e.g., acetic acid, CH₃COOH). Amino (-NH₂): Found in amines and amino acids (e.g., glycine, NH₂CH₂COOH). Carbonyl (-C=O): Found in ketones and aldehydes (e.g., acetone, CH₃COCH₃)