b1 ch3 narrative

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b1 chap 2 narrative - good support for nativist position: many inborn prefs incl detailed rep of human face as well as fast learning - discrimination of individuals - bonding with carers

E. Proprioception and vestibular sense

Innate

Butterwoth: moving wall: ch.fall back when wall moves toward them

D. Crosss modal perception

facilitates learning

synchrony

Slater et al: 2d, sycnc line and sound co-timing of object and sound or sound on

Morrongiello et al: co-location of toy and sound

innate reflex

Wertheimer: clicks turning daughters head with sound to locate source of click

def: combining info from 2 senses

creates intersensory redundany

i.e.a word rerfers to an object

C. Hearing

Habituation

sucking rate

sucking on a dummy produces BA sound which they habituate to- sucking decreasis until they hear PA

Preferences

dev: ready to learning and fine tuning

Progression:

Learning to understand before learning to speak

8m attach meaning to words

7,5m distiguish words

4,5m know their name

Werkers: ch. loose the disriciminatino abilty to become native listerners

Trehub: czech phonems infants intially discriminating chech phonemes

Mothers voice

deCasper: mothers poems learned in Utero

de Casper: Mothers voice vs. strangers voice: increasing sucking rate to hear moms voice (pacifier)

Fernald: auditory pref for Motherese

Sing et al: but maybe because it sounds happy

immature auditory processes

sound range tuned to human voice

immature

structures in the auditory cortex not fully connected

cochlea

hair cells less sesnitve to low sounds

auditory nerve fully myleinated

inner ear well developed

B. Vision

Methods

Eyetracking

Measuring gaze time

Habituation/Novelty preferences

discrimination

Forced choice

preference

Specific natural prefernces

Good early visual organization after periods of familiarization / Learning about an object

Learned

Discrimination of colours shapes and faces

later learned organization

Piaget (little scientists): builteding on observable physical laws by acting on the world

6-7m Gravity

5-6m: 2 objecfts touchning are not one

2 month Occlusion

stereopsis develops

Inborn

depth

size constancy

Slater et al: cube size disrimiation of objects of different sizes

But Campos et al: all crawling beginners crawl

suggesting depth needs experince

Gibson: 6m-12m 3 of 27 craweld over the cliff

Inborn Preference of visual shapes and features

Faces are special

Quinn: Preference for gender of primary carer

Quinn: Gender discrimination

Pascalis: Monkeys. Narrowing of faceregognition from Monkeys to human

Meltzoff: Imittaion in newborns children able to imiatate factial experession which they cannot see

vs Piaget: Imitation not until 2 because babies unable to forma ment. rep of what they cannot see

sugg: mental representaion of faces

Hoss and Langlois: preference for attractive faces

Average faces: Likely because they are more prototypical

Bushnell: mothers face newborns, after 12 hours prefer mothers face to that to other faces

Fantz: 18 newborns: Faces vs. other cirlces

2-3 days: csing Fantz method of forced choice preference (Shapes and other features of visual stimuli)

faces, curves, complexity, colours, symmety, 3D, and moving stiumli

preference for real world vs static

Immature visual abilites

Bad: Sharp vision ( but increasing)

Using Fantz forced choice

prefernce for thinnner lines increasing with age (intially pref only for thick line vs grey squ.)

General scanning behaviour

tracing saccades and fixation: Less detail, more edges

but probably because detail not yet possible

Visual Cortex

structure not fully connected

just short, no long connections

-6 m

LGN

Cells processing foveal info not mature

-12m

Optic nerves

Lacking myelination

information corrupted

Subtopic

Retina: Low density of cones in fovea

less colours

pastell whashed out colours

2-3 month

Lens: accomodation not mature

blurry

A. Introduction

Themes and Issues

Nativist

Meltzoff

social knowledge

set of skills that prepare for soical human interaction

built in tendencey to imitate

buitls in attraction to faces

Spelke

core knowlege

bulit in understanding of physics, numbers

Empiricist

Piagat

actions an experience structure initially chaotic world of perception

Developement of nervous system not complete at birth

vision blurry hearing a bit better