Unit 4 - Metabolism and Energy concept map

Mer som dette

Adaptations of Aquatic Plants

Ved Alister Aroza

how the organ systems work together

Ved michael roberts

THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ANAEROBIC AND AEROBIC ENERGY SYSTEM

Ved NUR SYAZZANA BT SUHAIMI

Diversity Concept Map

Ved Mahamud Abdulkadir

Unit 4 - Metabolism and Energy concept map

Cell respiration

Anaerobic respiration

Fermentation

Ethanol Fermentation - Conversion of pyruvate to ethanol and CO2 - Common in yeast and some bacteria - Used in the production of alcoholic beverages

Lactate Fermentation - Conversion of pyruvate to lactate - Regeneration of NAD+ for glycolysis - Common in muscle cells during intense exercise

Aerobic respiration

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) - Series of protein complexes on the inner mitochondrial membrane - Electrons transferred, creating a proton gradient - Oxygen is the final electron acceptor - ATP produced through oxidative phosphorylation - Chemiosmosis and ATP synthase involved

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) - Further breakdown of Acetyl-CoA - Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix - Generates NADH, FADH2, and ATP

Pyruvate Oxidation - Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA - Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix - Releases CO2 and generates NADH

Glycolysis - Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate - Occurs in the cytoplasm - Generates ATP and NADH

Photosynthesis

Light Independent/Dark Reactions (Calvin Cycle) - Occurs in Stroma of chloroplasts

Role of CO2 and O2 in Calvin Cycle - Importance of carbon dioxide fixation - Oxygen as a byproduct

Calvin Cycle Steps - Carbon fixation (RuBisCO enzyme) - Reduction of 3-phosphoglycerate to form G3P - Regeneration of RuBP - Overall production of glucose and other carbohydrates

Overview of the process - Utilizes ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions - Carbon fixation - Reduction and regeneration phases

Light dependent - Occurs in thylakoid

Role of Photosystems in Electron Transport - Absorption of light energy and excitation of electrons - Movement of electrons through the chain - Final electron acceptor: NADP+

Photosystem I and Photosystem II - Electron transport chain between them - Formation of a proton gradient

Overview of the process - Light absorption by chlorophyll - Water splitting (photolysis) - Generation of ATP and NADPH

Biochemical pathways

Redox reactions

Redox Regulation - Maintaining cellular redox balance - Significance in metabolic regulation

Role in Energy Transfer - Electron carriers (NAD+/NADH, FAD/FADH2) - Electron transport chain in cellular respiration

Overview of Oxidation-Reduction Reactions - Role of electron transfer in energy transfer - Oxidizing agents and reducing agents

Catabolic pathways - Breaking complex molecules

Relationships with other pathways - Interplay with anabolic pathways for energy and precursors - Regulation through feedback mechanisms

Other Catabolic Processes - Fatty acid oxidation - Amino acid degradation

Krebs Cycle - Citric acid cycle reactions - Energy and product generation

Glycolysis - Overview and key steps - Energy and product generation

Anabolic pathways - Building complex molecules

Nucleic Acid Synthesis - DNA replication - RNA synthesis

Protein Synthesis - Transcription and translation processes - Role of ribosomes and tRNA

Relationships with other pathways - Integration with catabolic pathways for precursor molecules - Regulation through feedback mechanisms

Energy Transfer

Cellular Respiration and ATP Production - ATP generation in glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain - Role of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation.

ATP Coupling - Linking energy-releasing reactions with energy-consuming reactions - Maintaining energy balance within the cell

ATP in Metabolism - Involvement in anabolic reactions (energy input) - Involvement in catabolic reactions (energy release)

Energy Storage and Release - ATP as a short-term energy storage molecule - Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate for energy release

Formation of ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) structure - ATP synthesis during cellular respiration and photosynthesis

Concept of metabolism

Cellular Metabolism -Metabolic processes occurring within cells -Production of energy for cellular activities

Metabolic Diversity in Organisms -Variation in metabolic pathways among different species -Specialized adaptations for specific environments

Metabolic Homeostasis -Maintaining a balance in metabolic processes -Adaptations to varying energy needs

Regulation of Metabolism -Enzymes and their role -Feedback mechanisms

Definition of Metabolism -Sum of all chemical reactions in a living organism -Involves catabolic and anabolic pathways

Subtopic