External Geological Processes and Landscapes

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External Geological Processes and Landscapes

Landforms created by

Geological Agents: - Wind/ Air - Ice - Liquid Water

Powered by: - Energy from the Sun - Gravity

Processes involved in Landscape shaping/Landforms

Types of Weathering:

Deposition

Transportation

Erosion

Classes of Weathering

Biological Weathering e.g. Roots and Lichens

Chemical weathering e.g. Hydrolysis

Physical Weathering e.g. freeze-thaw weathering

Types of Landscapes

Coastal Landscapes (Seas, Oceans)

Tombolos

Spits

Lagoons

Deltas

Beaches

Sea stacks

Arches

Cliffs

Wave-cut Platforms

Ocean water motions

Lonhshore Currents

Tides

Waves

Karst Landscapes (Groundwater)

Erosional landforms

appearing Springs

disappearing Streams

Sinkholes

Caves

Stalagmites (grow upward)

Stalactites (grow downward)

Groundwater fills the pores and grooves in the rocks forming aquiters

Fluvial Landscapes (Rivers)

Lower Course

Delta

Very gentle slope, very slow flow Deposition is dominant

Middle Course

Oxbow Lakes

Meader

Floodplains and terraces Fluvial terraces

Wide flat-floored valleys

Erosion and deposition are important Transportation dominant

Gentler slope, lower velocity

Upper Course

Landforms

Canyons

Rapids

Waterfalls

V-shaped Valleys

Steep slope, fast flows, erosion dominat

Torrential Landscapes (Rainfall, surface runoff and temporary water Courses)

Depositional Landforms

Alluvial fans or cones

Erosional Landforms

Fairy Chimney

Gorges

Ravines

Gullies

Soil Loss

Glacial Landscapes (Ice)

Depositional Landform

Moraines

Erosional Landforms (abrasion)

Striation

Round lakes (Tarns)

U-shaped valley

Cirques

Horn

Aeolian Landscapes (Wind/Air)

Depositional landforms

Loess

Dunes

Erosional processes and landforms

Abrasion

Mushroom-shaped rocks

Deflation

Rocky deserts or pavement