Extrinsic Factors

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From MOOC FORENSIC ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY - Durham University - Teesside University - Future Learn

Marco Bertolini

Forensic Taphonomy

Plant activity

Fungi

causing

stains

damage

can penetrate the bone

Roots cause

stain

etch

can cause a great deal of physical damage to bones

Body immersed in water

body can be damaged by

See the paper

wood debris

stones

Movement

rivers

move the body parts away

aquatic ecology matters

barnacles love shoes by

Dr Paola Magni

cold temperature

slows down decomposition

Water-logging

Pit bogs

because

cool temperature

no oxygen (anaerobic condition)

acidic conditions

demineralise bones

preserve well the bodies

stomach content

internal organs

soft tissues

damaging for the bones

mineral exchanges

Temperature

Freeze-thaw

Accelerates decomposition process

Thaw

ice melt into water again

Freeze

water extends within pores

causes

bone fragmentation

Very cold

Oetzi

inhibit microbes

decomposing soft tissues

preserves bodies well

Warmth

Example

Tsunami

particularly if humid

accelerates

decomposition

Animal activity

Soil type

Acidity

Sand body

organic stain of the body

outlined print

demineralised skeletton

Sutton Hoo

will demineralise bones

Alkalinity

better preserves bones

like chalky soil

Coffin / Wrapping

Archaeothanatology

Henri Duday

Université de Bordeaux

Coffin void

different bone position

indication of burial practice

Lead coffin

anaerobic condition

inhibit bacterial action

protection

several hundred years

Depth of burial

Greater depth

better protection

extent rainwater

extremes in temperature

physical disturbances