LANGUAGE LEARNING STRATEGIES

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WAYS TO CATEGORISE LANGUAGE LEARNING STRATEGIES (LLS)

O MALLEY'S (1985)

SOCIOAFFECTIVE STRATEGIES

Related with social-mediating activity and transacting with others. Cooperation and question for clarification are the main socioaffective strategies.

METACOGNITIVE STRATEGIES

Strategies which require planning for learning, thinking about the learning process, monitoring of ones production or comprehension and evaluating learning after an activity is completed

COGNITIVE STRATEGIES

More limited to specific learning task & it involves more direct manipulation of the learning materials itself

OXFORD'S (1990)

Indirect Strategies

Social

A. Asking questions
B. Cooperating with others
C. Emphatising with others

Affective

A. Lowering your anxiety
B. Encouraging yourself
C. Taking your emotional temperature

Metacognitive

A. Centering your learning
B. Arranging & planning your learning
C. Evaluating your learning

Direct Strategies

Memory

A. Creating mental linkages
B. Applying images & sounds
C. Reviewing well
D. Employing action

Cognitive

A. Practising
B. Receiving & sending messages strategies
C. Analysing & reasoning
D. Creating Structure
* input
* output

Compensation

A. Guessing intelligently
B. Overcoming Limitations
*speaking
*writing

RUBIN'S (1987)

Social Strategies

Activities learners engage in which afford them opportunities to be exposed to practise their knowledge

Communication Strategies

Less directly related to language learning since their focus is on the process of participating in a conversation

Learning Srategies

Metacognitive Learning

Used to oversee, regulate & self-direct language learning

Cognitive Learning

Steps or operations used or problem-solving