MSS2 Exam

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We can move

por Ana Gayte Diego

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por Aqilah Nordin

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por Ana Isabel Gomez Puerto

T.Oswald@usa.edu

por Tristan Oswald

MSS2 Exam

Main topic

Vertebral Column

Curvature

abnormalities

scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature

kyphosis

increased thoracic concavity

lordosis

increased lumbar convexity

secondary

anterior convexities develop postnatally

lumbar- when toddler begins to walk

cervical- develops when baby holds up head

primary

anterior concavity like in fetal development

sacral

thoracic

Movements

extension and lateral flexion of trunk = lumbar (best)

rotation = thoracic (best)

flexion and lateral flexion = cervical (best)

Joints

sacroiliac

synovial planar (gilding)

Costovertebral

synovial planar (gliding)

Craniovertebral

atlanto-occipital (C0-C1)

synovial condylar joint allows flexion and extension

posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

anterior atlanto-occipital membrane

Alantoaxial joints

C1-C2 joint: synovial pivot

ligaments

tectorial membrane

longitudinal lig

transverse cruciate lig

alar

apical

Intervertebral joints

intertransverse

supraspinour ligaments

nuchal

intratransverse

interspinous

ligamentum flavum

uncovertebral joints

facet joints

intervertebral discs

PLL

PREVENTS HYPERFLEXION

ALL

most commonly torn in whiplash; dens is also commonly fractured

PREVENTS HYPEREXTENSION

Vertebrae

Coccygeal (4, variable)

muscle attachment for glut max and pelvic diaphragm; non weight bearing

Sacrum (5 fused)

Sacral promontory: anterior aspect of S1; obstetric landmark

Sacral foramina: ventral and dorsal primary rami from S1 to S5 nerves

Sacral canal: transmits cauda equina (L1 to Co1)

Lumbar (5)

Mammillary processes: superior articular process

Accessory processes: base of Trans process

Costiform processes: at tip of transverse process

Largest (specifically L5): support body weight

Thoracic (12)

Demifacets for articulation with head of ribs

Costal facets on transverse processes: transverse facet; articulate with tubercle of rib

Costal facets on centrum: superior and inferior; articulate with head of rib

Cervical (7)

C7: vertebral foramen contains a vein, forms the vertebra prominens

ALL (C1-C7): large vertebral foramen due to cervical enlargement, transverse foramen containing vertebral artery

C2-C6: BIFID

Typical

C3-C7

Atypical

C2: Axis

Dens/Odontoid process

C1: Atlas

articulation surface for Dens from C2

Anterior and posterior masses

articulates superiorly with occipital bone of skull at Articular Facets

No spinous process

No body

Typical Layout:

Openings

Intervertebral foramen formed by Vertebral notches (superior and inferior): where spinal nerves will exit

Vertebral foramen (canal): formed by arch, spinal cord passes through here

Vertebral Body (Centrum)

Vertebral arch: formed by lamma (most posterior) and pedicle (lateral borders of arch)

Articular Processes (facets): superior and inferior

Transverse Processes

Spinous Processes

Muscles/Innervations/Vasculature

Foot

Plantar

4th Layer

Plantar interosseous

3rd Layer

Flexor digiti minimi

Adductor hallucis

Transverse head

Oblique head

Flexor hallucis brevis (FHB)

2nd Layer

Lumbricals

Quadratus plantae

1st Layer

Abductor digit minimi (ADM)

Flexor digitorum brevis (FDB)

Abductor hallucis

Dorsal

Intrinsic

Dorsal interossei

Extensor hallucis brevis (EHB)

Extensor digitorum brevis (EDB)

Extrinsic

fro anterior compartment of leg: tendons from TA, EHL, EDL, and FT mm.

Leg

Posterior

Tibialis posterior (TP)

Flexor digitorum longus (FDL)

Flexor hallucis longus (FHL)

Popliteus

Plantaris (variable)

Soleus

Gastrocnemius

Lateral

Fibularis brevis (FB)

Fibularis longus (FL)

Anterior

Fibularis tertius (FT)

Extensor hallucis longus (EHL)

Extensor digitorum longus (EDL)

Tibialis anterior (TA)

Thigh

Posterior Compartment/Hamstring muscles

Biceps femoris (short head)

Biceps femoris (long head)

Semimembranosus

Semitendinous

Medial Compartment/Adductor muscles

Obturator externus

Gracilis

Adductor magnus (hamstring part)

Adductor magnus (adductor part)

Adductor brevis

Adductor longus

Anterior Compartment

Quadriceps femoris muscles

Vastus intermedius

Vastus medialis

Vastus lateralis

Rectus femoris

Hip Flexors

Sartorius

Illiacus

Psoas minor (variable)

Pectineus

Psoas major

Gluteal Region

Deep

Quadratus femoris

Inferior gemelli

Superior gemelli

Obturator internus

Piriformis

Superficial

Tensor fascia lata

Gluteus minimus

Gluteus medius

Gluteus Maximus

Suboccipital

Deep back