Cellular Respiration

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GENE EXPRESSION

MUTATIONS

nucleotide excision repair

fixes bulge

frameshift

adding or deleting nucleotides in multiples other than three

nonsense

adds a premature stop codon

silent

changes a nucleotide but the protein remains the same

missense

changing a nucleotide which changes the protein

TRANSCRIPTION

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

pre mRNA

RNA Processing

introns are removed from the gene through spliceosomes

make final mRNA

5' cap and poly-A tail

transcription factors

RNA Pol II

nucleus

coupled transcription and translation

RNA Pol

TRANSLATION

mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, amino acids, amino acyl tRNA synthetase, peptidyl transferase, initiation factors, elongation factors, release factors

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

large and small subunit

small subunit binds to 5' cap w/ Met

Met scans to find AUG

large subunit binds to AUG

Met starts in the P site

anticodon bonds to the tRNA

amino acyl tRNA synthetase

actual process of translation, adds proteins onto the tRNA to form a protein chain until a stop codon is present

80s in Eukaryotes

70s in Prokaryotes

cytoplasm

REPLICATION

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

denaturation

anneal

elongation

replicates and amplifies DNA

models of DNA replication

dispersive

semiconservative

enzyme: helicase

forms replication bubble

ORI

leading and lagging strand

replication forks

Okazaki fragments

enzyme: SSB

enzyme: topoisomerase

enzyme: RNA primase

enzyme: DNA Pol III

enzyme: DNA Pol I

Ligase

conservative

311C Concept Map

Gene Regulation

DNA Packaging

DNA wraps around Histones

Nucleosomes

30 nm fiber wraps and connects nucleosomes

H1 is needed for fiber

Chromatin

H1, H21, H2B, H3, H4

H2A, H2B, H3, H4 form histone cores

Eukaryotes

Transcription Factors

General Transcription Factors

Low(Basal) levels of Expression

Proximal Control Elements (close to promoter)

RNA Polymerase II

Repressor

RNA Pol. II can't bind, resulting in low expression

Specific Transcription Factors

High Levels of Expression

Eukaryotic

Activators

Binding Sites

Distal Control Elements

Enhancers

Prokaryotes

Operons

Trp Operon

-Tryptophan is Present -Repressor is active

-Tryptophan is not present -Repressor is inactive

Lac Operon

Lac I

Lac Z

Breaks down Lactose

Lac Y

Permease

Lac A

transacetylase

Off

-Repressor binded to operator -Repressor "on" -RNA polymerase can't bind to promoter

-Repressor binded to allolactose -cAMP levels are low -CAP is not active and RNA Polymerase cannot bind well to promoter

-Repressor binded to allolactose -cAMP levels are high -CAP is active and RNA Polymerase binds to promoter

2 NADH produced

Pyruvate Oxidation

pyruvate breaks down and CO2 is released, NADP gets a H+ to make NADPH as the rest of the molecule combines with coenzyme A

Acetyl CoA

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Chemiosmosis

about 26 or 28 ATP produced

ATP Synthase

The power generated from the flow of protons enables ATP Synthase to add an inorganic phosphate to ADP to form ATP

Electron Transport Chain

The process by which the electrons from the electron carries powers the proton pumps, an H+ gradient is formed with a higher concentration of H+ in the inner membrane (outside). This will provide the potential energy needed in chemiosmosis.

Protein complex 1

NAD+ by product

compex Q

Protein complex 3

Cyt-c complex

Protein complex 4

H2O by product

Protein complex 2

FAD by product

Citric Acid cycle

2 ATP made for two rounds of the cycle

2 FADH made for two rounds of the cycle

6 NADH made for two rounds of the cycle

Acetyl CoA --> citrate --> Isocitrate

a-ketoglutarate

Succinyl CoA

Succinate

Fumarate

Malate

Oxaloacetate

Glycolisis

2 NADPH

2 ATP

Pay-off Phase

G3P converted to 1,3-bisphospho-glycerate

2NAD+ converted to 2NADH in the process of making 1,3-bisphospho-glycerate

1,3-bisphospho-glycerate converted to 3-Phospho-glycerate

3-Phospho-glycerate converted to 2-phospho-glycerate

2-phospho-glycerate converted to phosphoenol-pyruvate

phosphoenol-pyruvate converted to Pyruvate

Investment Phase

Glucose is converted to glucose 6-phosphate

glucose 6-phosphate converted to Fructose 6-phosphate

Fructose 6-phosphate converted to Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate