Classical Conditioning
- Most psychologists agree that classical conditioning is a basic learning form
- Many other responses to many other stimuli can be classically conditioned in many other organisms
- Pavlov demonstrated how a learning process can be studied objectively
- Classical conditioning is a basic form of learning that applies to all species
- Pavlov’s principles are used to influence human health and well-being
- Areas of consciousness, motivation, emotion, health, psychological disorders, and therapy.
- Addicts are counseled to avoid stimuli that may trigger cravings
- Pairing a particular taste with a drug that influences responses may eventually lead to response to the taste alone.
Pavlov’s work provided a basis for Watson’s ideas that human emotions and behaviors, though biologically influenced, are mainly conditioned responses.
Spontaneous recovery
Reappearance after a pause, of an extinguished condition response (CR
Extinction
- Diminishing of a conditional response
- Occurs in classical conditioning when an US does not follow a CS.
Higher Order Conditioning
- A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second, often weaker, conditioned stimulus.
- An animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone.
- Also called second-order conditioning
Aquisition
- Initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.
- In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response
Behaviorism
Psychology:
Most research psychologists today agree wiith 1 but not 2
2. study behavior without reference to mental processes
1. should be an objective science
Watson
Believed theoretical goal is preidction and control of behavior
Influenced by Pavlov
Pavlov
Demostrated associative learning through salivary conditioning
Studied digestive system; won Nobel prize in Russia
