Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning is a foundational process of learning applicable across species, as demonstrated by Pavlov's experiments with associative learning. His work laid the groundwork for understanding how organisms respond to stimuli, influencing areas such as health, motivation, emotion, and psychological therapy.

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Classical Conditioning

Most psychologists agree that classical conditioning is a basic learning form
Many other responses to many other stimuli can be classically conditioned in many other organisms
Pavlov demonstrated how a learning process can be studied objectively
Classical conditioning is a basic form of learning that applies to all species

Pavlov’s principles are used to influence human health and well-being
Areas of consciousness, motivation, emotion, health, psychological disorders, and therapy.
Addicts are counseled to avoid stimuli that may trigger cravings
Pairing a particular taste with a drug that influences responses may eventually lead to response to the taste alone.

Pavlov’s work provided a basis for Watson’s ideas that human emotions and behaviors, though biologically influenced, are mainly conditioned responses.

Spontaneous recovery

Reappearance after a pause, of an extinguished condition response (CR

Extinction

Diminishing of a conditional response
Occurs in classical conditioning when an US does not follow a CS.

Higher Order Conditioning

A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second, often weaker, conditioned stimulus.
An animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone.
Also called second-order conditioning

Aquisition

Initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.
In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response