Classifications of Language Learning Strategies

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Classifications of Language Learning Strategies

O'Malley (1985)

Socio-affective strategies

Questioning/Requesting Clarification

Co-operating

Cognitive Strategies

Inferencing

Transfer

Elaboratin

Contextualisation

Key word

Auditory representation

Imagery

Recombination

Deduction

Note taking

Grouping

Translation

Resourcing

Repetition

Metacognitive Strategies

self-evaluation

delayed production

self-monitoring

functional planning

self-management

selective attention

directed attention

advance organizers

Rubin (1987)

Social Strategies

Communication Strategies

Using linguistic or communicative knowledge to remain in conversation

Learning strategies

Metacognitive Learning Strategies

Self-management

Setting goals

Prioritising

Planning

Cognitive Learning Strategies

Monitoring

Memorisation

Practice

Deductive Reasoning

Guessing/ Inductive Inferencing

Clarification/ Verification

Oxford (1990)

Indirect

Social

empathizing with others

Co-operating with others

Asking questions

Affective

Taking emotional temperature

Encouraging oneself

Lowering anxiety

Metacognitive

Grabbing opportunities for language practice

Self evaluating

Self monitoring

Planning language task

Setting goals and objectives

Organising

Delaying speech production

Paying attention

Overviewing and linking with known material

Direct

Compensation

Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing

Guessing intelligently

Cognitive

Creating structure for input and output

Analysing and reasoning

Receiving and sending messages

Practising

Memory

Employing actions

Reviewing well

Applying images and sounds

Creating mental linkages