LOGIC AND KNOWLEDGE

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It is necessary to start form known general principle to reach a specific unknown principle

LOGIC AND KNOWLEDGE

Ancient Logic

focuses on indicating the belonging or non-belonging of an element within a set, according to the properties it shares with it

Lenguage and Comunication

It is the complexity of its structure, since it is directly related to our intellectual capacity and the complexity of our thinking.

Tought and Reasoning

Thought can be defined as all that mental process that occurs due to intellect and rationality.

Concept

Concept is a mental representation of an object

Reasoning

Types of Reasoning

Inductive

Deductive

Consists of formulation of the law of general conclusion based on the observation

the reasoning is mental operation since it implies the relation between two judgments to obtain a new one as conclusion.

It starts from an idea, a concept, it is verified in experience, it is reasoned, thought and related to other facts and from there some result is inferred or extracted. The process by which the subject relates two judgments, to infer a third, is called reasoning.

Judgment

Arguments

Inductive inferience

We start from various observations made about the same fact or object, so that the conclusion is a statement that can be generalized to all cases that share the properties observed so far.

Logic principles

It tell us that by having two statements that contradict each other.

Principle of sufficent reason

Principle of excluded middle

To decide that a permiss is tru or false.

Principle of non-contradiction

It is impossible to affirm that a proposition is true and false as the same time and uder the same time circumstances.

Principle of identity

The word and statement of our inferiences must have the same unique meaning.

Deductive inferience

Leads to unecessary conclusions; part of the facts and absolute security.

the judgment is a complex mental operation that anunciates the relation between two or more conepts

Syllogism

Conclusion

Where the relation between S and P is established, considering that M does not appear in this proposition.

Middle Term

It serves as comparison between both permises, it does not go to the conclusion.

Minor Permiss

Where is the subject of the conclusion or Minor Term (S).

Where is the predicate of the conclusion or Major Term (P).

Fallacies

Appeal to force

Use of force -physical or verbal- to impose a vision or opinion.

Appeal to emotions

Seeks to expose an idea that moves the feeling.

Appeal to ignorance

When it is intended to offer the ignorance of something as an explanition to evade responsability.

Appeal to authority

When an idea or argument is not analyzed but is taken for garanted as correct or valid.

Petition of principle

In making an argument, one of the permises is again and again established a conclusion.

False generalization

Consists in generalizing from very few observed cases.

Appeal to popularity

When we support our arguments in poplular opinions.

Attack to the person

Any condition of the person who issues an opinion.

Major Permiss

Modern Logic

Class Logic

It focuses on indicating the beloning or non-beloning of an element within a set, according to the properties it shares with it.

Quantificational Logic

Is focused on the relation between a quantity and the prepositions.

Propositional Logic

Deals with analyzing formally valid reasoning based on their prepositions.