Hydrocarbons

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Hydrocarbons

Halogenated derivatives

Nomenclature: methyl chloride: CH3-CL ethyl chloride: CH3-CH2-CH2-CL

Physical properties and uses: insoluble in water, boiling point depends on molecular mass. Used industrially as solvents.

Nitrogenated derivatives

Amides: considered derivatives of carboxylic acids

Physical properties and uses: similar to amines, also employed in textil dye and polymer synthesis industries.

Nomenclature: formamide or methanamide: CHO-NH2 acetaminophen or ethanamide: CH3-CH2-CO-NH2

Amines: derived from ammonia

Nomenclature: athylmethilamine: CH3-CH2-NH-CH3 triethylamine: CH3-CH2-N-CH2-CH3 CH2-CH3

Physical properties and uses: unpleasant odors. Used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals.

Hydrocarbon derivatives

Oxygenated derivatives

Esters: compounds formed by two functional groups: carboxyl group of acids and hydroxyl group of alcohols

Nomenclature: octal acetate: CH3-COO-(CH2)7-CH3 pentyl acetate: CH3-COO-(CH2)4-CH3

Carboxylic acids: the functional group is a combination of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups called carboxyl group

Nomenclature: propionic acid: CH3CH2COOH butyric acid: CH3CH2CH2COOH

Physical properties and uses: up to 9 carbon atoms are liquids, more than 9 are solids. Used to manufacture soaps.

Aldehydes and Ketones: two families of derivatives share the same functional group called carbonyl

Nomenclature: methane: CH4 ethane: CH3-CH3

Physical properties and uses: up to12 carbon atoms are liquids, used as starting points for the synthesis of other compounds.

Alcohol: hydrogens are replaced by hydroxyl groups

Nomenclature: methanol: CH3-OH ethanol: CH3-CH2-OH

Physical properties and uses: with 5 to 12 carbon atoms are oily liquids, with more than 12, they are insoluble solids. Used as an industrial solvent and for polymer manufacturing.

Ethers: oxygen is located in the middle, separating two hydrocarbon radicals

Nomenclature: methyl ether: CH3-O-CH3 ethyl methyl: CH3-O-CH2-CH3

Physical properties and uses: gases at room temperature, boiling points are lower than of alcohols of similar molecular masses, solubility similar to alcohols. Used as a additive and to manufacture ethylene glycol, also for liquid detergents.