The relationship between parents and children significantly influences child development in various ways. The use of spanking as a disciplinary measure can cause conflicts within the relationship and potentially lead to issues such as substance abuse in children.
(NEG) In unhealthy relationships, people may feel anxious,
confused, uncertain and even unsafe
(POS/NEG) Building a positive and responsive relationship
with your child, you are actively shaping the
person they will become later in life
(POS) Strong attachments and relationships early in life
also mean your child is more likely to have better
mental health and fewer behaviour problems
Other
Punishments
(NEG) Punishment can cause antisocial behaviour
and poor relationships with their parents
and peers
(NEG) Children that are anxious of being punished
tend to not strive to do things or explore
around them
Parents Stress
(NEG/POS) Children can learn from how their parents handle
their stress (efficient, leads to breakdown, etc.)
(NEG) Hormones released when stressed can affect the
prenatal baby's brain development
Parent's
Upbringing
(NEG) Parents who are born into a cultural background can
affect their child's development - they can force
morality through social interactions with their family
e.g. gender roles can be projected onto the child
(NEG) Parents that were surrounded by substance abuse
as a child have a higher chance of passing it to their
children which could lead to severe negative physical
development
(NEG) Parents that experience a lack of communication
in their early childhood, their children may
gain the inability to regulate the highs and lows
of their emotions
(POS) If parents learn more than one language in
their upbringing, their child's communication
skills with be better than those that only
speak one language
Divorce
(NEG) May find it hard to connect and relate
to others socially which can lead to the
children having fewer connections
(NEG) May lose sleep over the divorce,
which is a crucial aspect of
development physically as well as the
other areas of development
(NEG) Will likely experience distress, anger,
anxiety and disbelief and may find it
harder to control these emotions
(NEG) May have lower academic success
because of them being distracted
and confused
Stay-at-home
Parents
(POS) Children with stay-at-home parents are more likely
to achieve higher grades all the way through high
school
(POS) Children can become very close with their parents
if they are stay-at-home parents which could lead
to a very close and healthy bond and relationship
Spanking
(NEG) Spanking can cause conflict or a rift between
a child and their parent in their relationship
(NEG) Spanking can lead a child to abuse substances
due to be abused as a child (to an extent)
Religion
(NEG) Religion can lead to children not experiencing
important social events especially if the parents
are very religious/religiously strict
(NEG) Depending on the religion a child is growing up
in, it can lead them to feeling like they don't
belong (e.g. Jehovah's Witness kids can't celebrate
their birthday or others' birthdays with the class
Parental
Expectations
(NEG) High expectations can lead the child to develop
an inability to cope with loss (losing games, etc.)
(NEG) Can cause children to become socially withdrawn
as they try to meet unrealistic goals and abandon
their own goals/interests in the process
(NEG) Can lead to low self esteem is they fail at something
or don't meet the expectations set
(POS) Healthy expectations can help develop trust between
parents and children and can help with their sense of
independence and responsibility
Remarriage
(NEG)Children in non-nuclear families tend to make
negative influencing friendship
(POS)Children raised in intact families tend to have
better physical health
(NEG)Young children whose parents were divorced
and remarried had higher levels of anxiety,
hyperactivity, and aggressive behaviour
(NEG)Children without intact biological families
tend to have less academic success and GPA's