Primary and Secondry Care- First Aid Course

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Other skills

Choking

Unconscious

3. Look into patient's mouth to remove visible obstructions

2. CPR

1. Call EMS

Conscious

Or try chest thrusts, put your arms under the persons armpits, similar to abdominal thrust, but this time in the notch on the lower half of the breastbone.

After back blows try abdominal thrusts, put your hands around the waist of a person, make a first and wrap your other hand around it, thrust into 2 finger widths above the navel, thumb side towards you

Deliver Back blows by striking between the shoulder blades with the heel of your hand 5 times

Stop these blows if the person becomes unconscious

Protective Barriers

Barriers

Scrub and wash after exposure with soap or wipes.

Eye/Face Shields- Glasses, goggles, face masks

Ventilation masks/ Face Shields

Gloves

Bloodborne Pathogens

HIV

Hepatitis B virus

Hepatitis C virus

Chain of Survival

4. Early Professional Care and Followup

3. Early Defibrillation

2. Early CPR- Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

1. Early Recognition, Call for Help

Recognizing Life-Threatening Problems

Complete Airway Obstruction

Deliver Back Blows/ Abdominal Thrusts/Chest Thrusts

Can't speak, clutching throat, leaving area

Choking on food/ object

Stroke

Numbness, weakness, speechless, facial droop, headaches, blurred vision

Blood vessel blocked or bursts in the brain

Cardiac Arrest

CPR, defibrillation quickly

No response from patient, no circulation, heart quivers ventricular fibrillation

Oxygen flow to heart stops or is reduced

Heart Attack

Calling EMS immediately, transport to medical facility

Complain of chest pain, dizziness, breathlessness

Blood flow to heart stops or is reduced.

Emotional Aspects of Being an Emergency Responder

3. Relax, avoid caffeine, alcohol, talk to others after providing emergency care, it might be stressful.

2. CPR only helps support a patient by forcing oxygen-rich blood to the vital body organs from the heart, it does not restart the heart.

1. A person without a heartbeat or who isn't breathing is already in the worst state of health, you can't worsen the condition...

Definitions

Symptom

Something the patient tells you is wrong

Sign

The responder sees, hears or feels

Injury

Physical Harm: cuts, burns, dislocations...

Illness

Unhealthy condition: diabetes, allergies...

Helping Others in Need

Good Samaritan Laws

6. Don't abandon a patient, unless you are protecting yourself from danger.

5. Act prudently.

4. Do not be reckless or negligent.

3. Act in good faith.

2. Ask for permission to help.

1. Only provide care that you have been qualified for as a Emergency Responder.

Protect individuals who voluntarily aid those in need, immunity against liability.

Why do some people NOT HELP?

Fear of infection

Responsibility

Fear of imperfect performance

Guilt

Anxiety

Why Help?

You can make the difference between a patient having a temporary or lifelong disability.

You can help reduce a patient's recovery time.

You can save or restore a patient's life.

Why Time is important?

Irreversible brain damage can occur

Chances of a successful resuscitation diminish with time

Differences When Providing Care to Children

Mental state and willingness to cooperate

Ability to understand what is going on or to communicate effectively

Size

Age

Secondary Care

Splinting for Dislocations and Fractures

Use a donut bandage to wrap around a jutting out bone before wrapping it

Use roller bandages to wrap around the splint to hold it in place

Put leg or arm into splint

Put padding onto a straight surface bending surface (splint)

Bandaging

Triangle Bandages: to hold up arm, tie around neck

Tuck bandage into place

Apply sterile pad on wound, apply bandage over pad

Illness Assessment

SAMPLE

Events

Before illness

What happened

Last Meal

What

When

Alcohol if taken

Preexisting Medical Conditions

Heart condtions, diabetes...

Medications

Did you take it today

What medication they take

Allergies

Ask for what they are allergic to

Signs and Symptoms

Checking temperature and moisture

Check Color of skin

Find pulse rate and breathing rate

Ask how they feel

Injury Assessment

Ask the patient to use his eyes to follow your finger

Check ears for body fluid

Check from head to toe, feel the bones to find any dislocations or fractures

What is Normal?

Infant

100-160 beats per minute

30-60 breaths per minute

Child

70-150 beats per minute

18-40 breaths per minute

Adult

60-80 beats per minute

12 and 20 breaths per minute

Primary Care

S

Spinal Injury Management

Move patient as a unit, don't turn spine... use a log roll

Don't let the patient move

Hold neck still even if you are not moving the patient

Never move a patient unless absolutely necessary

Shock Management

3. Elevate the legs 15-30 cm if no spinal injuries or leg fractures

2. Maintain patient's body temperature based on climate

1. Hold the patient's head to keep the neck from moving, do not move patient

Shock occurs when only one or more vital organs get blood, others don't get adequate blood, organs need oxygen from blood

Shocked people a weak pulse, pale moist skin, mental confusion, nausea, thirst, lackluster eyes, labored breathing

Treat anyone who does not need CPR with the shock management procedure

Serious Bleeding Management

How to treat

NEVER remove blood soaked bandages- blood clots more easily

Place pressure, wrap bandages around

Put a sterile pad over wound and apply pressure

Capillary Bleeding

Can stop on its own or stopped easily with direct pressure

Blood slowly oozes from the wound

Venous Bleeding

Can be life-threatening and must be controlled quickly

Dark red blood steadily flows from the wound

Arterial Bleeding

Most serious type of bleeding, blood loss occurs quickly

Bright red blood spurts from a wound in rhythm with heartbeat

D

Defillibration

Use an AED, stick pads on patient and listen to the machine's instructions, remember to ask everyone to move back from the patient. Use a Child AED for children, no AED use on infants.

Administering an electric shock which disrupts the abnormal twitching (fillibration) is called Defillibration.

C

Circulation & Chest compressions

7. Repeat 2 rescue breaths and 30 compressions procedure until there is an AED or EMS comes

6. Compression site: Between the two nipples, center of chest Give 30 compressions, straight down, straight arms

Infant- 2 fingers

Children- one hand

Adult- two hands

5. Give 2 rescue breaths to make the chest rise

4. Pinch nose close, tilt head to lift chin

3. Put ventilation barrier on patients mouth and nose

2. Remove obstructions from mouth

1. Put patient on his back

B

Breathing

Unconscious Patient: Put ear to patient's mouth and look towards chest to see see rise and fall, if not, go to C.

Check patient for Breathing, periodic gasping is not regular breathing

A

Airway

Unconscious Patient: Tilt chin backwards to open airway

Conscious Patient: Ask him to speak/ cough, go to S.

Asking for Permission

No= No, I'm fine, don't help me, just talk to me...

No answer/ Yes= Go and help me!!!

"Hello, my name is Michelle, I'm an Emergency Responder, may I help you?"

Applying Barriers

Serious Bleeding- Put on face shield/ eye shield/ goggles/ glasses

CPR- Put ventilation mask on patient's mouth

Wear gloves before touching the patient

Alerting EMS

Respiratory problem- 2 minutes of CPR and then alert EMS

If there is a bystander nearby, ask them to do so, or do so yourself unless respiratory problem or the patient is a child

Assessing the Scene

Check for what might be a danger to the patient or yourself

Check for what might have caused the accident