Introduction to Linguistics

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Linguistics

Ved Lionel Benega

Applied Linguistics II

Ved Johanna Vanegas

Basic Properties of English Syntax

Ved Uswatun Hasanah

php & MySQL

Ved Piotr Delikat

References

What is Linguistics?, (s.f). Linguistics byu college of humanities. Recovered from: https://linguistics.byu.edu/what-is-linguistics/ All about linguistics, (s.f). Home. Recovered from: https://all-about-linguistics.group.shef.ac.uk/ Introduction to Language, (s.f). Lumen Boundless Psychology. Recovered from: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-psychology/chapter/introduction-to-language/

Desxis marks one of boundaries of semantics and pragmatics

Minimal pair

In english, in past tense verbs ending in "ed" can be prononced in different ways

t, d, id

Allophones

Are different ways to pronounce a phoneme based on its environment in a word

Little

The two allohone of "L" are different, which is known as "Complementary distribution"

Phonemes V

Are the smallest units of sound

Pat and Pet

Pat and Bat

Subcategory

Intransitive Verbs

Take a indirect object

For example: To sit I was setting on the chair

Transitive Verbs

Take a ditect object

For example: To eat I ate a pear

Classification of speech sounds

These are in:

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

It uses a single symbol to describe each different sound in the language, for Example:

D /di:/

C /si:/

B /bi:/

A /eI/

Also analyzes the concept of voice

Voiceless Sound

Tiger /ˈtaɪgɚ/

House /ˈhaʊs/

King /kɪŋ/

Voiced Sounds

Cat /kæt/

Dog /dɑg/

Boy /bɔɪ/

Introduction to Linguistcs

What is Linguistics?

Linguistics is the study of language; Linguistics helps us understand the structure of language, uses, variations, and the influence of language on the way people think

Pracmatics

It is the study of the use of linguistic signs, words, and sentences, in real situations; understand what people mean when they use language and how they communicate and understand each other

Deixis

Is reference to a person, object, or event which relies on the situational context

Firs and second person pronouns

Yours

Your

You

Demonstrative articles

Those

These

That

This

Mine

My

Presuppositions

These are implicit assumptions required to make a sentence meaninful.

Performative Sentences

A speaker is the subject who, by uttering the sentence, is accomplising some additional action, these sentences are all affirmative declarative and in the present tense.

Nominating

Resigning

Daring

Maxims of Conversation

The speaker should be as informative as is required and neither more nor less

Semantics

Is concerned with the meaings of words and the meaning of relationships among words while phasalsemantics is concerned withthe meaning of syntactic units larger than the words

As a result

Conceptual Semantics

Deals with the most basic concept and form of a word before our thoughts and feelings added context to it

Lexical Semantics

Deconstruct word and phrases within a line of text to understand the meanings in terms of contex

Formal Semantics

Uses thecniques from math, philosopy, and logic to analize the broader relationship between languaje and reality, truth as possibility

Syntax

Refers to words order and depends on lexical categories (parts of spech) linguistics takes a dfrent approach to thense categories and separates words into morpholical and syntactic grups

Closed class words

Conjuncions

And, But, Or

Ptepositions

At, In, On, Under

Auxiliary Verbs

Forms of be, Have, Mey

Determines

A, The, This, That

Open class words

Adverbs Adj + Ly

Adjetives + Er/ Est

Verb + Tense endings

Noun + Plural ending

Morphology

Is the study of the internal construction of words or morphemes

Are commonly classified

Bound Morphemes

And

Derivationals Morphemes

It changes the semantic mening of a word

Suffixes

Prefixes

Inflectional Morphme

Modify

Verb

ed, ing or en

Walking

Adjective

er or est

Larger

Noun

s or es

Girls

Free Morphemes

In

Compound Words

Greenhouse

Smartphone

Heyboard

Simple Words

Well

Run

The

Phonology

Is the study of how the sounds of speech are organized in the mind and used to convey meaning

Elemental English

Regular verb have a unique form

Put

Hurt

Hit

Irregular verbs end in Ed

Studied

Loved

Called

Phonetics

What is?

Is a branch of linguistics that focuses on the production and classification of speech sounds

Focuses on the vocal organs that interact with each other, for example:

Teeth

The tongue

The lips

Topic principal