Ch 30 - Infection Prevention and Management

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Factors Effecting Normal Resistance to Infection

Compromised Hosts

Drug Therapy

Coexisting Medical Problems

Immune System Dysfunction

Stress and Hyperglycemia

Inadequate Nutrition

Stasis of Body Fluids

Invasive Devices

Breaks in Skin and Mucus Membranes

Infectious Agents

Fungi

Viruses

Bacteria

Parasites

Altered Resistance to Infection

Manifestations of Infection

Fever - considered a sign of infection

Phases of

Early signs include: Malaise, listlessness, uneasiness, weakness, muscle of joint discomfort, headache, or anorexia

Progress of Infection

Communicable Disease - the causative agent of the disease is transmissible between one person to another

Communicable Period

Convalescent Period

Acute Phase of Illness

Prodromal Period

Incubation Period

Type of infection

Sepsis

Early symptoms are referred to as systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

Health-Care Associated Infections (AKA Nosocomial Infections)

Acute VS Chronic

Local VS Systemic (bacteremia)

Normal Resistance to Infection

Specific acquired defenses

Passive Immunity

Active immunity

Vaccination

Humoral Immunity - B lymphocytes produce antibodies

Antigens - foreign particles, such as microbes, that enter a host

Memory of the organisms produces lasting immunity

Cellular immunity (T lymphocytes elaborate killer cells and helper cells)

Nonspecific natural defenses

Fever

Elevated body temperature (greater than 101F or 38.2C)

WBC function

Normal WBC is 5,000 to 10,000, above this range is indicative of infection

Leukocytes - AKA White blood cells

Two categories

Agranulocytes - mononuclear cells that lack digestive enzymes

Granulocytes - polymorphonuclear cells that contain granules of digestive enzymes

Inflammatory Response

H I P E R

H - Heat,

I - Induration (hardening)

P - Pain

E - Edema (swelling)

R - Redness

Attempts to limit injury's extent

Anatomic, Mechanical, & Chemical Barriers

Microorganisms that live on the body surfaces are referred to as normal flora.

Interferon - a nonspecific chemical inhibitor that is secreted by body cells in response to viral invasion

Chemical - acidity of skin and vagina, bactericidal enzymes of saliva, mucus, tears and sweat

Mechanical - intact skin and mucus membranes

Individual Factors

immunization history

Good Nutritional status

Good Hygiene practices

Heredity