Consciousness

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Consciousness

Near-Death Experience

Subtopic

The peace that accompanies an NDE may result from the massive release of endorphins

Classical elements of NDE include passing through a dark tunnel, experiencing a bright light, a "life review", meeting spiritual beings, and then coming back to the body

Reported by people who nearly died or thought they were going to die

Out-of-Body Experiences

The sense of our consciousness leaving our body

Experienced when a person is medicated, using drugs, experiencing migraines or seizures, or when either extremely relaxed or extremely stressed

Individuals sense they are floating above their bodies and observing from above

Psychoactive Drugs

Psychadelics

Includes marijuana, LSD, and ecstasy

Can produce typically short-lived panic, paranoid delusions, confusion, depression, and bodily discomfort

Causing dramatic alterations of perception, mood, and thought

Narcotics

Types of narcotics

Codeine

Morphine

Heroine

Relieves pain, creates a sense of euphoria, and induces sleep

Stimulants

Cocaine is the most powerful natural stimulant

Nicotine enhances positive emotions and minimizes negative emotions

Increase activity in the central nervous system; heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure

Depressants

Depress the effects of the central nervous system

Sedative-hypnotics exert a calming, sleep-inducing effect

Grouped into three categories: barbiturates, non-barbiturates, and benzodiazepines

At high doses can produce unconsciousness, coma, and death

Alcohol is the most common depressant, and also the most widely used and abused drug overall

Mystical Experiences

Feelings of unity or oneness with the world, transcendence of space and time, feelings of wonder and awe, often with strong spiritual overtones

Hallucinations

Auditory hallucinations can occur when patients mistakenly attribute their thoughts or inner speech to an external source

Visual hallucinations can be caused by oxygen and sensory deprivation, epilepsy, fever, dementia, and migraine headaches

Thought of by some non-Western cultures as gifts of wisdom from the gods and incorporate them into their religious rituals

Hypnosis

Dissociation Theory

The flexible observer is the phenomenon where the hidden observers report what the hypnotists suggest they report

The hidden observer describes the dissociated, un-hypnotized part of the mind that hypnotists can access

Explains hypnosis based on a separation between personality functions that are normally well integrated

Sociocognitive Theory

Explains hypnosis based on people's attitudes, beliefs, and expectations

Past Life Regression Theory

Therapeutic approach that hypnotizes and age-regresses patients to a previous life to the identify the source of a present-day problem

Enhances the effectiveness of psychodynamic and cognitive behavioural psychotherapies and treats pain, medical conditions, and habit disorders

Set of techniques that provide people with suggestions for alterations in their perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

Circadian Rhythm

Multiple nights of sleep deprivation can cause a "sleep debt" which can require multiple nights to pay off

Sleep deprivation can cause depression, difficulties in learning new information and paying attention, and slowed reaction times

People need about 7 to 10 hours of sleep a day

Cyclical changes that occur on a roughly 24-hour basis in many biological processes

Biological Clock

When it is disrupted it disturbs sleep and increases the risk of injuries, fatal accidents, and health problems

Term for the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus that's responsible for controlling our levels of alertness

Dreams

Dream Continuity Hypothesis

There is continuity between sleeping and waking experiences; dreams can mirror life circumstances

Neurocognitive Theory

Dreams often dramatize concerns that are important to us - implies they reflect more than just random neural impulses

Dreams are a meaningful product of our cognitive capacities which shape what we dream about

Activation-Synthesis Theory

Dreams reflect the brain's attempt to make sense of random internal neural signals during REM sleep

Dreams reflect inputs from brain activation origination in the pons, and the forebrain attempts to create a story

Dream Protection Theory

Manifest Content: The details of the dream itself

Latent Content: The true, hidden meaning

Dreamwork disguises sexual and aggressive impulses as symbols that represent wish fulfilment

Dreams are the guardians of sleep; the ego is less able to keep sexual and aggressive instincts at bay than when awake

Created by Sigmund Freud

There are two general agreements about dreams:

2) The forebrain plays an important role in dreams

1) Acetylcholine turns on REM sleep

Process emotional memories, integrate new memories with established memories, stimulate threatening event, and recognize and consolidate memories

Sleep Disorders

Sleepwalking

Almost always occurs during non-REM sleep

Walking while fully asleep

Night Terrors

Usually only last a few minutes and is typically harmless

Sudden waking episodes characterized by screaming, perspiring, and confusion, followed by a return to deep sleep

Sleep Apnea

People snore loudly, gasp, and sometimes stop breathing for about 20 seconds

Blockage of the airway during sleep which results in daytime fatigue

Narcolepsy

Some experience cataplexy - remain alert even if they can't move

Rapid and unexpected onset of sleep

Insomnia

The most common sleep disorder

Difficulty falling or staying asleep

Stages of Sleep

Stage 5

Lasts about 10/20 minutes; REM stages last progressively longer throughout sleep

REM Sleep - eyes move rapidly; brain is most active and vivid dreaming occurs

Stage 3 & 4

In stage 3, delta waves appear 20-50% of the time; in stage 4 they appear more than half the time

Occurs after about 10 to 30 minutes

Stage 2

Brain activity decelerates, heart rate slows, muscles relax

Occupies 65% of the sleep cycle

Stage 1

Light state of sleep - brains powered down by 50% or more

Lasts for 5 or 10 minutes