Makayla Keelin
English 1BH
References
Rottenberg, Annette T. and Donna Haisty Winchell. "Chapter 1: Approaches to Argument." Elements of Argument: A Text and Reader.11th ed. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martins, 2015. 3-33. Print.
Rottenberg, Annette T. and Donna Haisty Winchell. Elements of Argument: A Text and Reader.11th ed. Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martins, 2003/2015.Print.
Syllogism Basic Elements of Argument
1. major premise
2. minor premise
3. the conclusion
argument writing in text deals with public controversy
Approaches to Argument
IV. The Toulmin Model
*Support- what the writer offers the audience to back up the claim
The materials that the arguer uses to convince an audience that his/her claim is sound
appeals to the needs and values
evidence
*Warrant- what the audience has to believe about the subject to accept the claim
Assumption, belief, principle that is taken for granted
*Claim- what the writer is saying about the subject
What are you trying to prove?
Claim of Policy- assert that specific policies should be instituted as a solutions to problems
Claims of Value- attempt to prove that some things are more or less desirable that others
Claims of Fact- assert that a condition has existed, exists, or will exist and are based on fats and data that the audience will accept as being objectively verifiable
III. Rogerian Argument
Audience -> Subject
Carl Rodgers' approach to communication in finding common ground
1.) brief, objective statement
2.) summarize the case for the opposition
3.) objective statement on own issue listing concerns and interests
4.) outline common ground or specify irreconcilable interests
5.) outline benefits of your solution
II. Aristotelian Rhetoric
Logos
*logic of an argument
example: induction
*inductive reasoning- drawing a conclusion based on examples
enthymeme: deduction
*enthymeme- a syllogism in which the conclusion is probable but not certain
*syllogism- a major premise and a minor premise lead to a logical conclusion
*deductive reasoning- drawing a conclusion based on probability
Pathos
*the appeal to emotions
This is appropriate in combination with other elements of argument unless...
2.) they are used to conceal another purpose
1.) they are irrelevant to argument and draw attention away from issues being argued
Ethos
*describes credibility
knowledgeable/ well informed
truthful/morally upright
good intentions
I. What is Argument?
Why engage in explaining and defending our actions?
2. to solve problems and make decisions
1. to justify what we do and think, both to ourselves and to our audiences
*referential relationship- between writer and subject *rhetorical relationship- between writer and audience *positional relationship- between subject and audience
*argument- forms of discourse that attempt to persuade readers or listeners to accept a position on a controversial issue
