Language Learning Strategies Classification

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Language Learning Strategies Classification

O'Malley (1985)

Socioaffective Strategies

Question for clarification

Cooperation

Inferencing

Transfer

Elaboration

Contextualization

Key word

Auditory representation

Imagery

Recombination

Deduction

Note taking

Grouping

Translation

Resourcing

Repetition

Self-evaluation

Delayed production

Self-monitoring

Functional planning

Selective attention

Directed attention

Advance organizers

Rubin (1975)

Engaging in activities to practise knowledge

Communicative Strategies

Making use of linguistic or communicative knowledge to remain in the conversation

Asking for clarification

Getting meaning across

Monitoring

Memorization

Practice

Deductive reasoning

Guessing / Inductive inferencing

Clarification / Verification

Self-management

Setting goals

Prioritizing

Planning

Oxford (1990)

Indirect Strategies

Social Strategies

Empathising with others

Cooperating with others

Asking questions

Affective Strategies

Taking your emotional temperature

Encouraging yourself

Lowering your anxiety

Metacognitive Strategies

Evaluating your learning

Arranging and planning your learning

Centring your learning

Direct Strategies

Compensation Strategies

Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing

Guessing intelligently

Cognitive Strategies

Creating structure for input and output

Analysing and reasoning

Receiving and sending messages

Practising

Memory Strategies

Employing action

Reviewing well

Applying images and sounds

Creating mental linkages